Disease overview

Alterations

165

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

338

Via biomarker

206

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

540

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Progressive neurodegeneration — no spontaneous remission; untreated motor decline averages 3-5 UPDRS points/year; non-motor symptoms (depression, cognitive decline, autonomic dysfunction) also progressive

Best-intervention remission

Levodopa/carbidopa: 40-50% motor improvement in early disease but efficacy wanes (motor fluctuations in 50% at 5 years, dyskinesias in 30%); deep brain stimulation (DBS): 50-60% reduction in off-time, 60-70% reduction in dyskinesias at 5 years; LCIG (levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel infusion): near-continuous on-time in advanced patients

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large — DBS significantly underused; no disease-modifying therapy exists; current treatments are purely symptomatic

Primary barrier

biological + practice

Barrier detail: No neuroprotective or disease-modifying treatment is approved despite decades of research; DBS is offered too late in disease course (often 10+ years after diagnosis vs evidence for benefit in earlier disease — EARLYSTIM trial); focused ultrasound (FDA cleared 2021) underused as non-invasive alternative

Last SoC change: 2023 — FDA cleared focused ultrasound thalamotomy (FUS) for bilateral PD tremor; 2021 FDA cleared Parkinson's-specific wearable (KinetiGraph); levodopa has been the backbone since 1967 — one of the longest-unchanged standards in medicine

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005180 · ORPHA: ORPHA:411602

Alterations

165 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Abnormal autonomic nervous system physiology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Anxiety	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Babinski sign	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Bradykinesia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Brisk reflexes	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cachexia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cerebral cortical atrophy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Constipation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dementia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Depression	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dysarthria	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dysphagia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dystonia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Gait disturbance	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Gait imbalance	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Gliosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Global brain atrophy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hallucinations	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hemiparesis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hyperreflexia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypokinesia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypomimic face	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Intellectual disability	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Lewy bodies	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Limb dystonia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Loss of ambulation	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Lower limb spasticity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Mask-like facies	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Mental deterioration	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Micrographia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Myoclonus	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Neurofibrillary tangles	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Neuronal loss in central nervous system	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Parkinsonism	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Parkinsonism with favorable response to dopaminergic medication	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Personality changes	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Pill-rolling tremor	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Postural instability	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Resting tremor	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Restless legs	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Rigidity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Short stepped shuffling gait	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Shuffling gait	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Sleep disturbance	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Slow saccadic eye movements	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Spasticity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Substantia nigra gliosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Talipes equinovarus	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Tremor	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Urinary incontinence	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Urinary urgency	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Vertical supranuclear gaze palsy	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Weak voice	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ACHE acetylcholinesterase (Yt blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA2A adenosine A2a receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB1 adrenoceptor beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP13A2 ATPase cation transporting 13A2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP6V1B2 ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit B2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AURKB aurora kinase B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AXL AXL receptor tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Attention/Working Memory	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
BCHE butyrylcholinesterase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BST1 bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Barriers to palliative care referral	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
CAMLG calcium modulating ligand	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDC25B cell division cycle 25B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDK1 cyclin dependent kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDK4 cyclin dependent kinase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDKN1A cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDKN1C cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDKN2A cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHCHD2 coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM1 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM2 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM3 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COMT catechol-O-methyltransferase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DDC dopa decarboxylase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNAJC13 DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNAJC6 DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD1 dopamine receptor D1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD2 dopamine receptor D2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD3 dopamine receptor D3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD4 dopamine receptor D4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD5 dopamine receptor D5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EIF4G1 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Executive Function	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
FBXO7 F-box protein 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRP gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit pi	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GBA1 glucosylceramidase beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GPNMB glycoprotein nmb	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN1 glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2A glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2B glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2C glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2D glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN3A glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN3B glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GSK3B glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HMGCR 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR2A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR2C 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ITPKB inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LRRK2 leucine rich repeat kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LSM6 LSM6 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA and mRNA degradation associated	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Language (Letter Fluency)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
MAOB monoamine oxidase B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MAPT microtubule associated protein tau	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MT-ND1 mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
NDUFA5 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA6 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA8 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA9 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAB1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit AB1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB4 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB7 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB9 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFC1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit C1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFC2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit C2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS5 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS8 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFV1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFV2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR1H2 nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR4A2 nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Number of Participants Who Experienced an Adverse Event (AE)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Overall Survival (OS)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
PACRG parkin coregulated	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PARK7 Parkinsonism associated deglycase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PINK1 PTEN induced kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PLA2G6 phospholipase A2 group VI	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PLK1 polo like kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PODXL podocalyxin like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PRKN parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PSAP prosaposin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPA protein phosphatase 2 phosphatase activator	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Quality of life	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
RIOK2 RIO kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RIT2 Ras like without CAAX 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN10A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN11A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN1A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN2A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN3A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN4A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN5A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN7A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN8A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN9A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SH3GL2 SH3 domain containing GRB2 like 2, endophilin A1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A2 solute carrier family 6 member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SMPD1 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SNCA synuclein alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SYNJ1 synaptojanin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Sensor-based analysis	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Speed of Information Processing	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
TGFBR2 transforming growth factor beta receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMEM175 transmembrane protein 175	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
UQCRC1 ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
VPS13C vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
VPS35 VPS35 retromer complex component	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Verbal Learning and Memory	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, merged ranking, and clinical trial / literature evidence (top agents)

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
FLUMAZENIL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT03440112 — Modulation of GABA-A Receptors in Parkinson Disease-Transdermal Flumazenil Arm (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT03462641 — Modulation of GABA-A Receptors in Parkinson Disease-Flumazenil Arm (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	7 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05180643 — Mindfulness Meditation (MBSR) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT02452125 — The Effects of Nicotine Chewing Gum in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT00957918 — Study of NP002 in Subjects With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease to Treat Dyskinesias Due to Levodopa Therapy (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT01560754 — Disease-modifying Potential of Transdermal NICotine in Early Parkinson's Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT03865121 — Pilot Trial of Transnasal Nicotine in Parkinson Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01216904 — Nicotine Treatment of Impulsivity in Parkinson's Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00873392 — Efficacy of Transdermal Nicotine, on Motor Symptoms in Advanced Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of nicotine on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04127578 — Phase 1/2a Clinical Trial of PR001 (LY3884961) in Patients With Parkinson's Disease With at Least One GBA1 Mutation (PROPEL) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMBENONIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMBENONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIGENIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ARBUTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BELUMOSUDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BENZGALANTAMINE GLUCONATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRETYLIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BUPIVACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CHLOROPROCAINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COPANLISIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEMECARIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOBUTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02012595 — [11C]Donepezil PET For Imaging The Autonomous Nervous System In Parkinsons Disease (COMPLETED) NCT02206620 — Effects of Cholinergic Augmentation on Measures of Balance and Gait (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03011476 — Effect of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors on the Gait of the Patients With Parkinson Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00030979 — Donepezil to Treat Dementia in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06903910 — Investigating the Cholinergic Contribution to Gait Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01014858 — Multi-centre UK Study of the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Donepezil in Early Dementia Associated With Parkinson's Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02857244 — A Multidisciplinary Approach to Manage Gait Difficulty in Parkinson Patients (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT01327859 — Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Donepezil (Aricept) in Parkinson' s Disease (PD) Patients With Dementia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Practice Parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (Neurology, 2006) Meta-analysis Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Delusions and Hallucinations in Alzheimer Disease and Parkinson Disease: Questionably Significant Benefits (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2023) Meta-analysis Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Treatment of Psychotic Symptoms in Alzheimer Disease and Parkinson Disease: A Meta-analysis (JAMA neurology, 2023) Clinical trial publication [Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia, their diagnoses and treatment strategies] (Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica, 2024) Clinical trial publication Early-start vs delayed-start donepezil against cognitive decline in Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial (Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effects of a central cholinesterase inhibitor on reducing falls in Parkinson disease (Neurology, 2010) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of executive dysfunction in Parkinson disease: a pilot study (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2005) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ECHOTHIOPHATE IODIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ECOTHIOPATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CATION Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ENTRECTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERLOTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLECAINIDE ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FOSLEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 2 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07284290 — Elucidating the Role of Cholinergic Degeneration in Cognitive Fluctuations in Lewy Body Dementia (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00211588 — Galantamine Executive Function in Parkinson's Disease (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01944436 — A Genetic and Perfusion Study of Response to Cognitive Enhancers in Lewy Body Disease (COMPLETED) Published literature Meta-analysis Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Delusions and Hallucinations in Alzheimer Disease and Parkinson Disease: Questionably Significant Benefits (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2023) Meta-analysis Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Treatment of Psychotic Symptoms in Alzheimer Disease and Parkinson Disease: A Meta-analysis (JAMA neurology, 2023) Clinical trial publication A double-blind comparison of galantamine hydrobromide ER and placebo in Parkinson disease (Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEFITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GILTERITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GILTERITINIB FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEXAFLUORENIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRINOTECAN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOETHARINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOFLUROPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02728843 — Study of Parkinson's Early Stage With Deferiprone (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAPATINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MALATHION Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEMANTINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPTAZINOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHADONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINAPRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MINAPRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIVACURIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEOSTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NEOSTIGMINE METHYLSULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PAZOPANIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYSOSTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PHYSOSTIGMINE SALICYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRACTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRALIDOXIME CATION Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRALIDOXIME CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRONETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPANIDID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOSTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05603715 — Pyridostigmine for the Treatment of Constipation in Parkinson Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT01993680 — Orthostatic Dysregulation and Associated Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease -Treatment (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SORAFENIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02702414 — Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) as Monotherapy in Participants With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (MK-3475-224/KEYNOTE-224) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUCCINYLCHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SUFENTANIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TACRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIOGUANINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANDETANIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
VOLANESORSEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMBROXOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMOXICILLIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPRELOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEMDANEPROCEL	Cell therapy	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENSERAZIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUNTANETAP	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUNTANETAP TARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUSPIRONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLARITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CREATINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESZOPICLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETILEVODOPA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EXENATIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSCARBIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INOSINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABILONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBRACETAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PARDOPRUNOX	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAROXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERAMPANEL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PITOLISANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASINEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRELADENANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIFAXIMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROVATIRELIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARIZOTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGACESTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLENGEPRAS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUMANIROLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAVAPADON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERAZOSIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOZADENANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+)-MENTHOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+/-)NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUVIRTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APLINDORE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APREPITANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AQW051	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARUNDIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AV-101	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD0328	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEFIRADOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEZISTERIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRASOFENSINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUMETANIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAMICINAL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPESEROD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBON MONOXIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEP-1347	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILOSTAZOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINPANEMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLENBUTEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONAZEPAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DALZANEMDOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPANSUTRILE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEFERIPRONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXEFAROXAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPRAGLURANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXYCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELIPRODIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELTOPRAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENSACULIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPI-589	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTROGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETORICOXIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASUDIL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEXOFENADINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIPAMEZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLECAINIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLIGLURAX	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSGONIMETON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEMFIBROZIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLIAL CELL LINE-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR	Cell therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUTATHIONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GPI-1485	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GTS-21	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INCOBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRSENONTRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIPIRDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAZUCIRNON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENOGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENRISPODUN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVETIRACETAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIXISENATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LY-2940094	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAVOGLURANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MENTHOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MESDOPETAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEVIDALEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINZASOLMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOQUINONE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONOSIALOTETRAHEXOSYLGANGLIOSIDE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONTELUKAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NADOLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALMEFENE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAXAGOLIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBICAPONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEVADISTINEL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINAMIDE RIBOSIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NILOTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXALOACETATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYBUTYNIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALIRODEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGFILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGSEBRENATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIOGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIREPEMAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSILOCYBIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PT-320	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUILOSTIGMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINIDINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RADOTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELAMORELIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESVERATROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILUZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISVODETINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARIZOTAN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILYMARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIPAGLADENANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLRIAMFETOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFORAPHANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUVECALTAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAK-071	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALAMPANEL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAURURSODIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESOFENSINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAXOPRODIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROPICAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULOTARONT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
URSODIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALERIAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALILOXYBATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VARENICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VATIQUINONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENGLUSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERDIPERSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VINPOCETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIPADENANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VODOBATINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VUTIGLABRIDIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
XANOMELINE TARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLPIDEM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZURANOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEXAFLUORENIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
HUPERZINE A Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALANINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLENETUG	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARECOLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATSM COPPER (II)	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BECAPLERMIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BESONPRODIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLARCAMESINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLARCAMESINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BMS-984923	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BREXANOLONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRILAROXAZINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIFORADENANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
D-ASPARTATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DALFAMPRIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARBEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DNL-201	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELADOCAGENE EXUPARVOVEC	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMRUSOLMIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EZALADCIGENE RESOPARVOVEC	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEBUXOSTAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR-1	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GADOLINIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDENEBART	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INZOMELID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRX-4204	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KF-17837	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LETIBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIATERMIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRIDESAP	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MUSCIMOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORDOPIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAZPIPADON	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISLENEMDAZ	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARGRAMOSTIM	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SCH-211803	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELNOFLAST	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTRALINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPARTALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIBUTYRIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANCOMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALTINICLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALTINICLINE MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMANTADINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMANTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIGENIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APOMORPHINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARMODAFINIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATROPINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZTROPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZTROPINE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIPERIDEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BORNAPRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMOCRIPTINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMOCRIPTINE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUDIPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CABERGOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBIDOPA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHAMOMILE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CROCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCRIMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXETIMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENTACAPONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERYTHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESKETAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANAUTINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOPROPAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHYBENZTROPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETRABAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSGONIMETON SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSLEVODOPA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALANTAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GPI-1046	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IOFLUPANE I 123	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRSENONTRINE MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LECANEMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENRISPODUN PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISURIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUBIPROSTONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAZATICOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELEVODOPA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHIXENE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEVIDALEN HYDROXYBENZOATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLSALAZINE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OPICAPONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORPHENADRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORPHENADRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAEONIFLORIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERGOLIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENGLUTARIMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAVANSERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAVANSERIN TARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRIBEDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRIBEDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROCYCLIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMELTEON	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RASAGILINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RASAGILINE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RASAGILINE TARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIMABOTULINUMTOXINB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISVODETINIB SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIVASTIGMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIVASTIGMINE TARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROPINIROLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROPINIROLE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROTIGOTINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROTTLERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAFINAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAFINAMIDE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELEGILINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELEGILINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLCAPONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIHEXYPHENIDYL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROPATEPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULOTARONT HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILDAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZONISAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
AMBROXOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMOXICILLIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPRELOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEMDANEPROCEL	Cell therapy	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENSERAZIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUNTANETAP	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUNTANETAP TARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUSPIRONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLARITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CREATINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESZOPICLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETILEVODOPA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EXENATIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSCARBIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INOSINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABILONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBRACETAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PARDOPRUNOX	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAROXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERAMPANEL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PITOLISANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASINEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRELADENANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIFAXIMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROVATIRELIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARIZOTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGACESTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLENGEPRAS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUMANIROLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAVAPADON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELMISARTAN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERAZOSIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOZADENANT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENLAFAXINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+)-MENTHOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+/-)NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUVIRTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APLINDORE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APREPITANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AQW051	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARUNDIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AV-101	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD0328	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEFIRADOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEZISTERIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRASOFENSINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUMETANIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAMICINAL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPESEROD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBON MONOXIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEP-1347	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILOSTAZOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINPANEMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITALOPRAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLENBUTEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONAZEPAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DALZANEMDOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAPANSUTRILE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEFERIPRONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXEFAROXAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN HYDROBROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPRAGLURANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXYCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELIPRODIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELTOPRAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENSACULIN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPI-589	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTROGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETORICOXIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASUDIL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEXOFENADINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIPAMEZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLECAINIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOLIGLURAX	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSGONIMETON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEMFIBROZIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLIAL CELL LINE-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR	Cell therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLUTATHIONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GPI-1485	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GTS-21	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INCOBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRSENONTRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISRADIPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIPIRDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAZUCIRNON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENOGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENRISPODUN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVETIRACETAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIXISENATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LY-2940094	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAVOGLURANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MENTHOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MESDOPETAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEVIDALEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINZASOLMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOQUINONE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONOSIALOTETRAHEXOSYLGANGLIOSIDE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONTELUKAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NADOLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALMEFENE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAXAGOLIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBICAPONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEVADISTINEL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINAMIDE RIBOSIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	7 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05180643 — Mindfulness Meditation (MBSR) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT02452125 — The Effects of Nicotine Chewing Gum in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT00957918 — Study of NP002 in Subjects With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease to Treat Dyskinesias Due to Levodopa Therapy (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT01560754 — Disease-modifying Potential of Transdermal NICotine in Early Parkinson's Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT03865121 — Pilot Trial of Transnasal Nicotine in Parkinson Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01216904 — Nicotine Treatment of Impulsivity in Parkinson's Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00873392 — Efficacy of Transdermal Nicotine, on Motor Symptoms in Advanced Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of nicotine on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NILOTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXALOACETATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYBUTYNIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PALIRODEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGFILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGSEBRENATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIOGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIREPEMAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSILOCYBIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PT-320	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUILOSTIGMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINIDINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RADOTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELAMORELIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESVERATROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILUZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISVODETINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARIZOTAN HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILYMARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIPAGLADENANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLRIAMFETOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFORAPHANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUVECALTAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAK-071	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TALAMPANEL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAURURSODIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESOFENSINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAXOPRODIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROPICAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULOTARONT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
URSODIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALERIAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALILOXYBATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VARENICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VATIQUINONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VENGLUSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VERDIPERSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VINPOCETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIPADENANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VODOBATINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VUTIGLABRIDIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
XANOMELINE TARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLPIDEM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZURANOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALANINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMLENETUG	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARECOLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATSM COPPER (II)	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BECAPLERMIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BESONPRODIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLARCAMESINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLARCAMESINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BMS-984923	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BREXANOLONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRILAROXAZINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIFORADENANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOZAPINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
D-ASPARTATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DALFAMPRIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARBEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DNL-201	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELADOCAGENE EXUPARVOVEC	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMRUSOLMIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EZALADCIGENE RESOPARVOVEC	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEBUXOSTAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR-1	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUMAZENIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT03440112 — Modulation of GABA-A Receptors in Parkinson Disease-Transdermal Flumazenil Arm (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT03462641 — Modulation of GABA-A Receptors in Parkinson Disease-Flumazenil Arm (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GADOLINIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDENEBART	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INZOMELID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRX-4204	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KF-17837	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LETIBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIATERMIN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRIDESAP	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MUSCIMOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORDOPIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAZPIPADON	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISLENEMDAZ	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARGRAMOSTIM	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SCH-211803	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELNOFLAST	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTRALINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04127578 — Phase 1/2a Clinical Trial of PR001 (LY3884961) in Patients With Parkinson's Disease With at Least One GBA1 Mutation (PROPEL) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SPARTALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIBUTYRIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANCOMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALTINICLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALTINICLINE MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMANTADINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMANTADINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIGENIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APOMORPHINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARMODAFINIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATROPINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZTROPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENZTROPINE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIPERIDEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BORNAPRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMOCRIPTINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMOCRIPTINE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUDIPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CABERGOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBIDOPA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHAMOMILE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CROCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCRIMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXETIMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENTACAPONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERYTHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESKETAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANAUTINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOPROPAZINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHYBENZTROPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETRABAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSGONIMETON SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FOSLEVODOPA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GALANTAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GPI-1046	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IOFLUPANE I 123	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRSENONTRINE MALEATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LECANEMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LENRISPODUN PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISURIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUBIPROSTONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAZATICOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELEVODOPA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHIXENE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEVIDALEN HYDROXYBENZOATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLSALAZINE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OPICAPONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORPHENADRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORPHENADRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAEONIFLORIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PERGOLIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENGLUTARIMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAVANSERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAVANSERIN TARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRIBEDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRIBEDIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIPEXOLE DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROCYCLIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMELTEON	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RASAGILINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RASAGILINE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RASAGILINE TARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIMABOTULINUMTOXINB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISVODETINIB SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIVASTIGMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIVASTIGMINE TARTRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROPINIROLE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROPINIROLE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROTIGOTINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROTTLERIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAFINAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAFINAMIDE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELEGILINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELEGILINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLCAPONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIHEXYPHENIDYL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROPATEPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULOTARONT HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILDAGLIPTIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZONISAMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMBENONIUM Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMBENONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIGENIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ARBUTAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BELUMOSUDIL Repurposing via AURKB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BENZGALANTAMINE GLUCONATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETHANIDINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRETYLIUM Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BUPIVACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via BCHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CHLOROPROCAINE Repurposing via BCHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
COPANLISIB Repurposing via AURKB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOSPORINE Repurposing via CAMLG	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEMECARIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISTIGMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOBUTAMINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02012595 — [11C]Donepezil PET For Imaging The Autonomous Nervous System In Parkinsons Disease (COMPLETED) NCT02206620 — Effects of Cholinergic Augmentation on Measures of Balance and Gait (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03011476 — Effect of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors on the Gait of the Patients With Parkinson Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00030979 — Donepezil to Treat Dementia in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06903910 — Investigating the Cholinergic Contribution to Gait Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01014858 — Multi-centre UK Study of the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Donepezil in Early Dementia Associated With Parkinson's Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02857244 — A Multidisciplinary Approach to Manage Gait Difficulty in Parkinson Patients (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT01327859 — Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Donepezil (Aricept) in Parkinson' s Disease (PD) Patients With Dementia (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Practice Parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (Neurology, 2006) Meta-analysis Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Delusions and Hallucinations in Alzheimer Disease and Parkinson Disease: Questionably Significant Benefits (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2023) Meta-analysis Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Treatment of Psychotic Symptoms in Alzheimer Disease and Parkinson Disease: A Meta-analysis (JAMA neurology, 2023) Clinical trial publication [Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia, their diagnoses and treatment strategies] (Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica, 2024) Clinical trial publication Early-start vs delayed-start donepezil against cognitive decline in Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial (Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effects of a central cholinesterase inhibitor on reducing falls in Parkinson disease (Neurology, 2010) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and safety of donepezil in the treatment of executive dysfunction in Parkinson disease: a pilot study (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2005) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via BCHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONEDARONE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ECHOTHIOPHATE IODIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ECOTHIOPATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CATION Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EDROPHONIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXACIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ENTRECTINIB Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERLOTINIB Repurposing via AURKB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLECAINIDE ACETATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT03440112 — Modulation of GABA-A Receptors in Parkinson Disease-Transdermal Flumazenil Arm (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT03462641 — Modulation of GABA-A Receptors in Parkinson Disease-Flumazenil Arm (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FOSLEVODOPA Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 2 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07284290 — Elucidating the Role of Cholinergic Degeneration in Cognitive Fluctuations in Lewy Body Dementia (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00211588 — Galantamine Executive Function in Parkinson's Disease (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01944436 — A Genetic and Perfusion Study of Response to Cognitive Enhancers in Lewy Body Disease (COMPLETED) Published literature Meta-analysis Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Delusions and Hallucinations in Alzheimer Disease and Parkinson Disease: Questionably Significant Benefits (The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2023) Meta-analysis Cholinesterase Inhibitors for Treatment of Psychotic Symptoms in Alzheimer Disease and Parkinson Disease: A Meta-analysis (JAMA neurology, 2023) Clinical trial publication A double-blind comparison of galantamine hydrobromide ER and placebo in Parkinson disease (Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2009) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEFITINIB Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GILTERITINIB Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GILTERITINIB FUMARATE Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEXAFLUORENIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRINOTECAN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via BCHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOETHARINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOFLUROPHATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02728843 — Study of Parkinson's Early Stage With Deferiprone (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANDIOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LANDIOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAPATINIB Repurposing via AURKB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBETAXOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MALATHION Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEMANTINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via BCHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPTAZINOL Repurposing via BCHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHADONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL SUCCINATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINAPRINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MINAPRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIVACURIUM Repurposing via BCHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEOSTIGMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NEOSTIGMINE METHYLSULFATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	7 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05180643 — Mindfulness Meditation (MBSR) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT02452125 — The Effects of Nicotine Chewing Gum in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT00957918 — Study of NP002 in Subjects With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease to Treat Dyskinesias Due to Levodopa Therapy (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT01560754 — Disease-modifying Potential of Transdermal NICotine in Early Parkinson's Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT03865121 — Pilot Trial of Transnasal Nicotine in Parkinson Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01216904 — Nicotine Treatment of Impulsivity in Parkinson's Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00873392 — Efficacy of Transdermal Nicotine, on Motor Symptoms in Advanced Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of nicotine on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa (Clinical neuropharmacology, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PAZOPANIB Repurposing via AURKB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHYSOSTIGMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PHYSOSTIGMINE SALICYLATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRACTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRALIDOXIME CATION Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRALIDOXIME CHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRONETALOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPANIDID Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRIDOSTIGMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PYRIDOSTIGMINE BROMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05603715 — Pyridostigmine for the Treatment of Constipation in Parkinson Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT01993680 — Orthostatic Dysregulation and Associated Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease -Treatment (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04127578 — Phase 1/2a Clinical Trial of PR001 (LY3884961) in Patients With Parkinson's Disease With at Least One GBA1 Mutation (PROPEL) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SORAFENIB Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02702414 — Study of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) as Monotherapy in Participants With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (MK-3475-224/KEYNOTE-224) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUCCINYLCHOLINE Repurposing via BCHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SUFENTANIL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACRINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIOGUANINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE Repurposing via BCHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANDETANIB Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
VOLANESORSEN Repurposing via BCHE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ZIPRASIDONE Repurposing via ADRB1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEXAFLUORENIUM Repurposing via BCHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
HUPERZINE A Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ACHE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

58 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked)

Reference lookups: GreenMedInfo · Examine.com

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Vitamin D3 Natural product	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Moderate	20	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02860338 — COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF MCI and DEMENTIA TREATMENTS IN A COMMUNITY-BASED DEMENTIA PRACTICE (COMPLETED) NCT06539260 — Clinical Relationship Between Vitamin D-mediated Th17 and Treg Cells and Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT04768023 — 12 Weeks Vitamin D Supplementation and Physical Activity in PD Patients With DBS (COMPLETED) NA NCT00907972 — The Effects of Vitamin D and Bone Loss in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT06697626 — Validation of a Novel Functional Food Designed to Meet the Nutritional Needs of People Living With Parkinson's Disease (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT01119131 — Effects of Vitamin D in Parkinson's Disease (PD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00451815 — BIIB014 Phase 2a Monotherapy (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT02110875 — Strength and Balance in Gender- and Age-Matched Controls (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplem…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	19	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02860338 — COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF MCI and DEMENTIA TREATMENTS IN A COMMUNITY-BASED DEMENTIA PRACTICE (COMPLETED) NCT06539260 — Clinical Relationship Between Vitamin D-mediated Th17 and Treg Cells and Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT04768023 — 12 Weeks Vitamin D Supplementation and Physical Activity in PD Patients With DBS (COMPLETED) NA NCT00907972 — The Effects of Vitamin D and Bone Loss in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT06697626 — Validation of a Novel Functional Food Designed to Meet the Nutritional Needs of People Living With Parkinson's Disease (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT01119131 — Effects of Vitamin D in Parkinson's Disease (PD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00451815 — BIIB014 Phase 2a Monotherapy (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2 NCT02110875 — Strength and Balance in Gender- and Age-Matched Controls (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Folate Natural product Vitamins and entacapone in levodopa-induced hyperhomocysteinemia: a ran… The controversy concerning plasma homocysteine in Parkinson disease pat…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	19	8 trials 2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03950674 — Study of Pemetrexed+Platinum Chemotherapy With or Without Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Participants With First Line Metastatic Nonsquamous Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (MK-3475-189/KEYNOTE-189)-Japan Extension Study (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04662710 — Efficacy and Safety of Lenvatinib (E7080/MK-7902) Plus Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Plus Chemotherapy in Participants With Advanced/Metastatic Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma (MK-7902-015/E7080-G000-321/LEAP-015) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02720068 — Study of Favezelimab (MK-4280) as Monotherapy and in Combination With Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) With or Without Chemotherapy or Lenvatinib (MK-7902) AND Favezelimab/Pembrolizumab (MK-4280A) as Monotherapy in Adults With Advanced Solid Tumors (MK-4280-001) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03374254 — Safety and Efficacy of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Plus Binimetinib Alone or Pembrolizumab Plus Chemotherapy With or Without Binimetinib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (mCRC) Participants (MK-3475-651/KEYNOTE-651) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00853879 — An Exploratory, Randomized, Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Folic Acid and L-methylfolate in Parkinson's Disease (TERMINATED) NA NCT04949256 — Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) Plus Lenvatinib (E7080/MK-7902) Plus Chemotherapy in Participants With Metastatic Esophageal Carcinoma (MK-7902-014/E7080-G000-320/LEAP-014) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT06697626 — Validation of a Novel Functional Food Designed to Meet the Nutritional Needs of People Living With Parkinson's Disease (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT01238926 — Vitamin B6, B12, Folic Acid and Exercise in Parkinson's Disease (UNKNOWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Vitamin B12 Natural product Dietary one‑carbon nutrients and genetic risk in Parkinson disease: a p… Investigating the Genetic Relationship Between Vitamin B12 Metabolism a… Role of the Intestinal Microbiota in the Molecular Pathogenesis of Atyp…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	19	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02860338 — COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF MCI and DEMENTIA TREATMENTS IN A COMMUNITY-BASED DEMENTIA PRACTICE (COMPLETED) NCT03950674 — Study of Pemetrexed+Platinum Chemotherapy With or Without Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Participants With First Line Metastatic Nonsquamous Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (MK-3475-189/KEYNOTE-189)-Japan Extension Study (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00208611 — Vitamin B12 Status and Response to Vitamin B12 Supplementation in Patients With Parkinson's Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00853879 — An Exploratory, Randomized, Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Folic Acid and L-methylfolate in Parkinson's Disease (TERMINATED) NA NCT06697626 — Validation of a Novel Functional Food Designed to Meet the Nutritional Needs of People Living With Parkinson's Disease (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT01238926 — Vitamin B6, B12, Folic Acid and Exercise in Parkinson's Disease (UNKNOWN) NA NCT06206538 — Efficacy of Stellate Ganglion Block in Patients With Parkinson's Disease (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT07221266 — Changes in Movement, Fitness, and Quality of Life in People With Parkinson's Disease After Different Exercise Programs (RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Creatine Natural product	Amino acid	Phase III	Moderate	17	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00063193 — National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Parkinson's Disease Neuroprotection Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00449865 — NET-PD LS-1 Creatine in Parkinson's Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Moderate	17	6 trials 6 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00076492 — NINDS Parkinson's Disease Neuroprotection Trial of CoQ10 and GPI 1485 (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01892176 — Effects of High-dose Coenzyme Q10 on Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage and Clinical Outcome in Parkinson Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT04152655 — A Study of Efficacy and Safety of Idebenone Vs. Placebo in Prodromal Parkinson Disease (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00004731 — Parkinson's Disease Treatment With Coenzyme Q10 (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00180037 — Coenzyme Q10 as a Symptomatic Treatment in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00740714 — Effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) in Parkinson Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in acute ischemic stroke: Is it beneficial… Measuring disease progression in early Parkinson disease: the National… A randomized clinical trial of high-dosage coenzyme Q10 in early Parkin…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	16	6 trials 6 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00076492 — NINDS Parkinson's Disease Neuroprotection Trial of CoQ10 and GPI 1485 (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01892176 — Effects of High-dose Coenzyme Q10 on Biomarkers of Oxidative Damage and Clinical Outcome in Parkinson Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT04152655 — A Study of Efficacy and Safety of Idebenone Vs. Placebo in Prodromal Parkinson Disease (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00004731 — Parkinson's Disease Treatment With Coenzyme Q10 (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00180037 — Coenzyme Q10 as a Symptomatic Treatment in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00740714 — Effects of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) in Parkinson Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Probiotics Natural product Efficacy of gut microbiota-targeted therapies in Parkinson's disease: a… Efficacy of probiotic supplements on Parkinson's disease: A systematic… Probiotics treatment for Parkinson disease: a systematic review and met…	Probiotic	Approved	Emerging	16	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05943925 — Dementias and Microbiota Composition: Is Possible to Revert the Dementia Symptoms Reverting the Microbiota Composition? (UNKNOWN) NCT04140760 — Probiotic Use in Parkinson's Disease (UNKNOWN) NA NCT06710574 — Multimodal Image Technologies Investigate the Role and Mechanism of Probiotics in Improving RBD with Parkinson's Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT06548256 — The Clinical Application of Clostridium Butyricum Miyairisan for Motor and Non-motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease (RECRUITING) NA NCT04722211 — Effects of Lactobacillus Plantarum PS128 on the Parkinsonian Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05576818 — Effect of Synbiotic as an Adjuvant Therapy in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT02459717 — Pre-biotics and Probiotics for Constipation in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT06118294 — Efficacy of Probiotics for Parkinson Disease (PD) (WITHDRAWN) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Niacin Natural product Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson di…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	16	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04044131 — Metabolic Cofactor Supplementation in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD) Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05589766 — N-DOSE: A Dose Optimization Trial of Nicotinamide Riboside in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03568968 — A Randomized Controlled Trial of Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation in Early Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03808961 — Low Dose Niacin (Vitamin B3) for Parkinson's Disease (TERMINATED) NA NCT05344404 — NR-SAFE: Safety of High-dose Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT03462680 — GPR109A and Parkinson's Disease: Role of Niacin in Outcome Measures (COMPLETED) NA NCT03816020 — NAD-supplementation in Drug naïve Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT05546567 — NOPARK Open Label Extension Study (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Creatine Natural product Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for the Early Diagnosis of Parki… Increased dose of carbidopa with levodopa and entacapone improves "off"… Association of metabolic syndrome and change in Unified Parkinson's Dis…	Amino acid	Phase III	Emerging	13	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00063193 — National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Parkinson's Disease Neuroprotection Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00449865 — NET-PD LS-1 Creatine in Parkinson's Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Psyllium Natural product	Botanical	Phase I	Emerging	13	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04829760 — The Effect of Psyllium and Wheat Bran on Body Weight in People With Parkinson's Disease and Constipation Symptoms (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Multivitamin Natural product Risk factor studies of age-at-onset in a sample ascertained for Parkins… Vitamin E supplementation in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease,…	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	10	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00853879 — An Exploratory, Randomized, Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Folic Acid and L-methylfolate in Parkinson's Disease (TERMINATED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Mucuna Pruriens Natural product Clinical trial publication Mucuna pruriens in Parkinson disease: A double-blind, randomized, contr…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Moderate	10	1 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02680977 — Mucuna Pruriens Therapy in Parkinson's Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Mucuna pruriens in Parkinson disease: A double-blind, randomized, controlled, crossover study (Neurology, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
D-Serine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Moderate	10	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Black Seed Oil Natural product In Vitro Study Thymoquinone protects cultured hippocampal and human induced pluripoten…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Physostigmine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Huprine X Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-ylamine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Neostigmine Bromide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ranitidine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Edrophonium Bromide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Huperzine a Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Cgs-15943 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Neca Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Zm-241385 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Alprenolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Betaxolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Carteolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Propranolol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Danusertib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
6bio Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
At-9283 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Alvocidib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Midostaurin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Staurosporine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Sotrastaurin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Lestaurtinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Imatinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Anomalin a Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nintedanib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Erlotinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Fedratinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Enzastaurin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Axitinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ethopropazine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
N-methylcarbamic acid [(8bR)-3,4,8b-trimethyl-2,3a-dihydro-1H-pyrrol[2,3-b]indol-7-yl] ester Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Donepezil Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
2-[[6-(benzylamino)-9-isopropyl-purin-2-yl]amino]butan-1-ol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Alsterpaullone Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Olomoucine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Seliciclib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Purvalanola Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
(2S)-2-[[6-(benzylamino)-9-isopropyl-purin-2-yl]amino]butan-1-ol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
D-Serine Natural product Gliotransmission in physiologic and pathologic conditions	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
1-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methylol-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]pyridin-1-ium-3-carboxamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Lithium;(2S)-2-Aminosuccinate;hydron Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Magnesium(2+) Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Mucuna Pruriens (Aka Velvet Beans) Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

Disease overview

Remission & chronicity

Alterations

Therapeutics

Natural Products

Part of the Open Source Medicine Foundation Network