Disease overview

Alterations

123

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

280

Via biomarker

Natural agents

Natural products

120

Merged ranked

371

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP, ChEMBL NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Untreated relapsing MS: ~1 relapse/year; disability accumulates over time in ~85% who convert to secondary progressive MS; spontaneous remission from MS is not possible

Best-intervention remission

High-efficacy DMTs (natalizumab, alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab, cladribine) achieve 0 clinical relapses in 50-70% at 2 years and >95% MRI lesion suppression; early high-efficacy treatment shows superior outcomes vs platform therapy escalation

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large — massive gap between platform DMT (interferons, glatiramer) and high-efficacy DMT outcomes, but practice still favors escalation model

Primary barrier

practice

Barrier detail: Treat-to-target with early high-efficacy therapy is superior to the traditional safety-first escalation model (TREAT-MS, DELIVER-MS trials) but most MS neurologists still start with platform therapies; hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) achieves 70-80% no-evidence-of-disease-activity (NEDA) at 5 years but is rarely offered

Last SoC change: 2023 — FDA approved tolebrutinib and fenebrutinib (BTK inhibitors) for primary progressive MS; ocrelizumab approved for PPMS 2017 (first ever treatment); platform therapies (interferons, glatiramer) unchanged since 1993-1996; paradigm shift to high-efficacy first gaining guideline endorsement only now

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005301 · ORPHA: ORPHA:3151

Alterations

123 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
25 Foot Walk (T25FW) test	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
AKAP11 A-kinase anchoring protein 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP6V1B2 ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit B2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP6V1C1 ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit C1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AURKB aurora kinase B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AXL AXL receptor tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Annualized relapse rate	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
CD52 CD52 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD58 CD58 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD86 CD86 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDC25B cell division cycle 25B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDK1 cyclin dependent kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDK12 cyclin dependent kinase 12	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDK4 cyclin dependent kinase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDKN1A cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDKN1C cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDKN2A cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Cognitive Function	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
DDX39B DExD-box helicase 39B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DHODH dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Fatigability Index Hand	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Fatigue Scale of Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Fatigue severity scale (FSS)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
GABBR1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABBR2 gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GSK3B glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HMGCR 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HNRNPA1 heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
IFNAR1 interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IFNAR2 interferon alpha and beta receptor subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL2RA interleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL2RB interleukin 2 receptor subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL2RG interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL7R interleukin 7 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ITGA4 integrin subunit alpha 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ITGB1 integrin subunit beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ITGB7 integrin subunit beta 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNA1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNA10 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNA2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNA3 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNA4 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNA5 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNA6 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNA7 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNB1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNB2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNC1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNC2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNC3 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNC4 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCND1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCND2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCND3 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNF1 potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily F member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNG1 potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily G member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNG2 potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily G member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNG3 potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily G member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNG4 potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily G member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNH1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNH2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNH3 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNH4 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNH5 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNH6 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNH7 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNH8 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNQ1 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNQ2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNQ3 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNQ4 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNQ5 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNS1 potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily S member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNS2 potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily S member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNS3 potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily S member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNV1 potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily V member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNV2 potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily V member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KEAP1 kelch like ECH associated protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LSM6 LSM6 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA and mRNA degradation associated	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MASTL microtubule associated serine/threonine kinase like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MC2R melanocortin 2 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MS4A1 membrane spanning 4-domains A1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MTMR3 myotubularin related protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Motor function test (lower limb muscle strength)	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
NDUFA8 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFA9 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit A9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFAB1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit AB1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFB7 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS1 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFS5 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NDUFV2 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit V2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR1H2 nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
PI4KB phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PLK1 polo like kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PSAP prosaposin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Plasma pharmacokinetics of SPG302 in healthy volunteers (SAD cohort)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
RIOK2 RIO kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RRP15 ribosomal RNA processing 15 homolog	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
S1PR1 sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
S1PR2 sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
S1PR3 sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
S1PR4 sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
S1PR5 sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SMPD1 sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers (SAD cohort)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Short Form Health survey (SF-36)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Social Role Participation Questionnaire (SRPQ)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
TARS2 threonyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFRSF1A TNF receptor superfamily member 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
The Figure of Walk Test	Functional	Functional test	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
The Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
post-interventionMSWS-12 score	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
pre-interventionMSWS-12 score	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
the Digit Span	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
the Stroop test	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
the Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT) (Cognitive fatigability)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, merged ranking, and clinical trial / literature evidence (top agents)

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02466074 — Augmenting Cerebral Blood Flow to Treat Established Multiple Sclerosis (TERMINATED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	2 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02676739 — Adderall XR and Cognitive Impairment in MS (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01615887 — Study of Lisdexamfetamine Sulfate to Treat Cognitive Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacological treatment options for cognitive dysfunction induced by multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in neurology, 2025) Meta-analysis Examining the effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and stimulant-based medications for cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2018) Clinical trial publication Effects of single dose mixed amphetamine salts--extended release on processing speed in multiple sclerosis: a double blind placebo controlled study (Psychopharmacology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate improves processing speed and memory in cognitively impaired MS patients: a phase II study (Journal of neurology, 2013) Clinical trial publication L-amphetamine improves memory in MS patients with objective memory impairment (Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2011) Clinical trial publication The effects of L-amphetamine sulfate on cognition in MS patients: results of a randomized controlled trial (Journal of neurology, 2009) Clinical trial publication Effects of l-amphetamine sulfate on cognitive function in multiple sclerosis patients (Journal of neurology, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05013463 — Hydroxychloroquine and Indapamide in SPMS (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02296346 — Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of ECP in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (TERMINATED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01954693 — A Study of Everolimus in the Treatment of Neurocognitive Problems in Tuberous Sclerosis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT03140449 — Topical Rapamycin and Calcitriol for Angiofibroma of Tuberous Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02201212 — Everolimus for Cancer With TSC1 or TSC2 Mutation (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03525834 — Safety and Efficacy of Everolimus (Afinitor®) in Chinese Adult Patients With Angiomyolipoma Associated With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00126672 — RAPAMYCIN FOR KIDNEY ANGIOMYOLIPOMAS (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05467397 — Feasibility of [11C]Acetate-PET in LAM and TSC (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00457808 — Rapamycin Therapy for Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and Sporadic LAM (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04595513 — Stopping TSC Onset and Progression 2: Epilepsy Prevention in TSC Infants (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABATACEPT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01116427 — A Cooperative Clinical Study of Abatacept in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT07161999 — Study of COYA 302 for the Treatment of ALS (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT00035529 — A Study to Evaluate the Preliminary Efficacy Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity of BMS-188667 Administered to Subjects With Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis (TERMINATED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacological treatment of psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature research for the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2020) Clinical trial publication Abatacept Targets T Follicular Helper and Regulatory T Cells, Disrupting Molecular Pathways That Regulate Their Proliferation and Maintenance (Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2019) Clinical trial publication ACCLAIM: A randomized trial of abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2017) Clinical trial publication Long-term safety and efficacy of abatacept in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Arthritis and rheumatism, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ALEFACEPT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ALEMTUZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 34 Cochrane 39 Meta-analysis 38 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06310343 — ADAs to Alemtuzumab (COMPLETED) NCT02583594 — A Study to Characterize Subcutaneous or Intravenous Alemtuzumab in Patients With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT04633967 — Observational Study of a Novel Peri Infusion Regimen on the Infusion Associated Reactions With Alemtuzumab Infusion in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis in a Canadian Clinical Setting. (COMPLETED) NCT03135249 — Sequential Natalizumab - Alemtuzumab Therapy in Patients With Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00930553 — An Extension Protocol for Multiple Sclerosis Patients Who Participated in Genzyme-Sponsored Studies of Alemtuzumab (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01020370 — Exploratory Study to Investigate the Reparative and Regenerative Potential of Alemtuzumab in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Participating in the CARE MS I and MS II Studies (COMPLETED) NCT02529839 — Safety and Efficacy of an Immunoablative Nonmyeloablative Conditioning Protocol for Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (UNKNOWN) NA NCT04821596 — Study of the Mechanisms of Action of Cladribine in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review (Journal of neurology, 2026) Cochrane review Incidence of Alemtuzumab-Induced Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2026) Cochrane review The effect of disease-modifying therapies on brain volume loss and disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (The Lancet regional health. Europe, 2025) Cochrane review Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of disease-modifying therapies in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of clinical trials and observational studies (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2025) Meta-analysis Updated systematic literature review and network meta-analysis of cladribine tablets versus currently approved disease-modifying treatments for active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2026) Meta-analysis Drug-Induced Reactivation of VZV and HSV1-2 in Adult Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Disease-modifying Therapies: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Current neuropharmacology, 2026) Meta-analysis The comparative efficacy of cladribine tablets versus alternative disease-modifying treatments for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Updated meta-regression estimates by patient subgroup (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2026) Meta-analysis MS Fatigue Post High-Efficacy Treatment (European journal of neurology, 2025) Systematic review Towards practical management of the Marburg variant of multiple sclerosis (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2026) Systematic review Recent Advances in Interventions Targeting Remyelination and a Systematic Review of Remyelinating Effects of Approved Disease-Modifying Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (European journal of neurology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Role of B Cell Profile for Predicting Secondary Autoimmunity in Patients Treated With Alemtuzumab (Frontiers in immunology, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ANTI-THYMOCYTE GLOBULIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05482542 — Optimal Conditioning Regimen for Autologous Transplantation of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT04203017 — Fecal Microbiota Transplantation After Autologous HSCT in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT05029206 — Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis in Sweden (COMPLETED) NCT05078177 — Safety and Efficacy of Intrathecal Rituximab in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (UNKNOWN) PHASE1 NCT00716066 — Autologous Stem Cell Transplant for Neurologic Autoimmune Diseases (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT04047628 — Best Available Therapy Versus Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant for Multiple Sclerosis (BEAT-MS) (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT05832515 — AHSCT With Fludarabine and Cyclophosphamide Based Conditioning Regimes in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT00014755 — Phase I Pilot Study of Total-Body Irradiation, Anti-Thymocyte Globulin and Cyclophosphamide Followed By Syngeneic or Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Review of the Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Alemtuzumab and Its Use in Kidney Transplantation (Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2018) Clinical trial publication Immunoablation and autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for aggressive multiple sclerosis: a multicentre single-group phase 2 trial (Lancet (London, England), 2016) Clinical trial publication Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: a phase II trial (Neurology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Anti-thymocyte globulin plus etanercept as therapy for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): a phase II study (British journal of haematology, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BELATACEPT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BELUMOSUDIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINNARIZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOFIBRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOTRIMAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
COPANLISIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXAMETHASONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	6 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 8 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07597668 — A Comparative Study of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety, and Immunogenicity of RPH-035 and Ocrevus® in Patients With Relapsing-remitting or Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis With Exacerbations (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT04047628 — Best Available Therapy Versus Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant for Multiple Sclerosis (BEAT-MS) (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT05232825 — A Phase III, Non-Inferiority, Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel Group, Multicenter Study To Investigate The Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety And Radiological And Clinical Effects Of Subcutaneous Ocrelizumab Versus Intravenous Ocrelizumab In Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02644044 — Intrathecal Methotrexate for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: An Open Label Single Arm Study (UNKNOWN) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT00232193 — Safety/Effectiveness of Adding Monthly Dexamethasone to Weekly Avonex for MS (COMPLETED) NCT00674141 — Nasal Administration of Dexamethasone for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Treatment (WITHDRAWN) PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Corticosteroids for treating optic neuritis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Cochrane review Pharmacological treatments for fatigue associated with palliative care (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Systematic review [Treatment of nausea and vomiting with 5HT3 receptor antagonists, steroids, antihistamines, anticholinergics, somatostatinantagonists, benzodiazepines and cannabinoids in palliative care patients : a systematic review] (Schmerz (Berlin, Germany), 2012) Clinical trial publication Human intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of autologous, non-engineered, adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (ADSVF) for neurodegenerative disorders: results of a 3-year phase 1 study of 113 injections in 31 patients (Molecular biology reports, 2019) Clinical trial publication Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity evolves differentially in untreated versus treated multiple sclerosis (Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Monthly intravenous methylprednisolone in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis - reduction of enhancing lesions, T2 lesion volume and plasma prolactin concentrations (BMC neurology, 2006) Clinical trial publication Combined treatment with corticosteroids and moclobemide favors normalization of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double blind trial (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2001) Clinical trial publication Serial evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis bouts. Relation to steroid treatment (Italian journal of neurological sciences, 1994) Randomized controlled trial Double-blind trial of dexamethasone versus methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis acute relapses (European neurology, 1994) Randomized controlled trial Acute and long-term effects of adrenocorticotropin and dexamethasone on the auditory brainstem response in multiple sclerosis patients (Journal of neurology, 1993) Randomized controlled trial Double-blind randomized trial of ACTH versus dexamethasone versus methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis bouts. Clinical, cerebrospinal fluid and neurophysiological results (European neurology, 1989) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ENTRECTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERLOTINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEFITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GILTERITINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GILTERITINIB FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Intrathecally administered natural human fibroblast interferon reduces exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Results of a multicenter, double-blind study (Archives of neurology, 1987) Clinical trial publication Multicentre double-blind study of effect of intrathecally administered natural human fibroblast interferon on exacerbations of multiple sclerosis (Lancet (London, England), 1986) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON BETA-1A Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
INTERFERON BETA-1B Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAPATINIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAMIDRONATE DISODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PAZOPANIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUCAPARIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SERTRALINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SORAFENIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	10 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERFENADINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANDETANIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ABOBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAMINOPHEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMANTADINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFAMPRIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTILYMPHOCYTE IMMUNOGLOBULIN (HORSE)	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBACLOFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBACLOFEN PLACARBIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZATHIOPRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZFICEL-T	Cell therapy	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIOTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLEMASTINE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIRUCOTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIVOZILIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVOBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENEBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FREXALIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUMARIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINKGO	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON BETA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAQUINIMOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MASITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METENKEFALIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOXANTRONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NB-001	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORELABRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAROXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIXANTRONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMIBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIVELESTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLEBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIDECACTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIDOFLUDIMUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABATACEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDESLEUKIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMILORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMISELIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMISELIMOD HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARMODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATACICEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAZEDOXIFENE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAZEDOXIFENE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BCG VACCINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BELIMUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIIB-091	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIIB061	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRIAKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARMUSTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLEMASTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYTARABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAXALIPRAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXRAZOXANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOMPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELASOMERAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELEZANUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELIPRODIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMTRICITABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMTRICITABINE, (+/-)-	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIGALOCATECHIN GALLATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTRIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOPOSIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETRINABDIONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FAMCICLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIRATEGRAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISH OIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUDARABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUPIRTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORALUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINSENG, ASIAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GOLD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK239512	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HISTIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYUREA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IANALUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUDILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICOSAPENT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IFENPRODIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMATINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMILECLEUCEL-T	Cell therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INOSINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INT131	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAMOTRIGINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECASERMIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELPHALAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE HEMISUCCINATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-0812	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NERISPIRDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORETHINDRONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OBEXELIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ODITRASERTIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OPICINUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXCARBAZEPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAVINETANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGSEBRENATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRTOBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLOVAMER	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLOVAMER ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLOZALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIFAMPIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILUZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROLIPRAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SECUKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TABALUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAURINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEMELIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEMSIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENOFOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENOFOVIR ALAFENAMIDE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEPILAMIDE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESTOSTERONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIPLIMOTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOZINAMERAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UCB-1184197	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
USTEKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VATELIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VSN-16R	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALEMTUZUMAB BETA Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1270061 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1331754 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1333982 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1408031 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1414990 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1481453 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1600564 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2003658 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2059067 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2059068 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2059074 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2059274 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL357170 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL507159 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GATRALIMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACYCLOVIR SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANDROGRAPHOLIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASP-4058	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAMINERCEPT	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENDAMUSTINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLOOD CELLS, RED	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
D-ASPARTATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DANTROLENE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASATINIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELCUBRAGISTAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVRULEUCEL	Cell therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GATRALIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK2618960	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANABENZ	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDEBENONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INEBILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOXSUPRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IXAZOMIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINOLEIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIOTHYRONINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOQUINONE CATION	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIVOLUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OBECABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLESOXIME	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OTILIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZANEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PANTOPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEPINEMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIOGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRFENIDONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRILIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSILOCYBIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUERCETIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAPCABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESECABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELENIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAUROLITHOCHOLIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIZANIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOL-101	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VAMOROLONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANCOMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLACABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALEMTUZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BACLOFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLADRIBINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTICOTROPIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DACLIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DALFAMPRIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DANTROLENE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARBEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEBAMESTROCEL	Cell therapy	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMETHYL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIROXIMEL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMAPUNIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESZOPICLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETIFOXINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINGOLIMOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINGOLIMOD HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINGOLIMOD LAURYL SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GADOTERIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLATIRAMER ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INCOBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON BETA-1A	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON BETA-1B	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEFLUNOMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINCOMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE SODIUM SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLTHIOADENOSINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOXANTRONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONOMETHYL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NATALIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCRELIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFATUMUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZANIMOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZANIMOD HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGINTERFERON BETA-1A	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PONESIMOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINAZOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIPONIMOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIPONIMOD FUMARIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERIFLUNOMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBLITUXIMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UDIFITIMOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UDIFITIMOD HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ABOBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAMINOPHEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMANTADINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFAMPRIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTILYMPHOCYTE IMMUNOGLOBULIN (HORSE)	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBACLOFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARBACLOFEN PLACARBIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZATHIOPRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZFICEL-T	Cell therapy	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIOTIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLEMASTINE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIRUCOTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIVOZILIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONEPEZIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOCALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVOBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENEBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FREXALIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FUMARIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINKGO	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON BETA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAQUINIMOD	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MASITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METENKEFALIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOXANTRONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NB-001	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORELABRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAROXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIXANTRONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMIBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIVELESTAT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLEBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIDECACTIDE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIDOFLUDIMUS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABATACEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02466074 — Augmenting Cerebral Blood Flow to Treat Established Multiple Sclerosis (TERMINATED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDESLEUKIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALFUZOSIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMILORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMISELIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMISELIMOD HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	2 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02676739 — Adderall XR and Cognitive Impairment in MS (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01615887 — Study of Lisdexamfetamine Sulfate to Treat Cognitive Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacological treatment options for cognitive dysfunction induced by multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in neurology, 2025) Meta-analysis Examining the effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and stimulant-based medications for cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2018) Clinical trial publication Effects of single dose mixed amphetamine salts--extended release on processing speed in multiple sclerosis: a double blind placebo controlled study (Psychopharmacology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate improves processing speed and memory in cognitively impaired MS patients: a phase II study (Journal of neurology, 2013) Clinical trial publication L-amphetamine improves memory in MS patients with objective memory impairment (Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2011) Clinical trial publication The effects of L-amphetamine sulfate on cognition in MS patients: results of a randomized controlled trial (Journal of neurology, 2009) Clinical trial publication Effects of l-amphetamine sulfate on cognitive function in multiple sclerosis patients (Journal of neurology, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARMODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATACICEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAZEDOXIFENE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAZEDOXIFENE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BCG VACCINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BELIMUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIIB-091	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIIB061	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRIAKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARMUSTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLEMASTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYTARABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAXALIPRAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXRAZOXANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOMPERIDONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELASOMERAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELEZANUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELIPRODIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMTRICITABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMTRICITABINE, (+/-)-	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIGALOCATECHIN GALLATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN BETA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTRIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOPOSIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETRINABDIONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FAMCICLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIRATEGRAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISH OIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUDARABINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUPIRTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORALUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINSENG, ASIAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GOLD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK239512	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HISTIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYUREA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IANALUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUDILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICOSAPENT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IFENPRODIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMATINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMILECLEUCEL-T	Cell therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05013463 — Hydroxychloroquine and Indapamide in SPMS (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INOSINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INT131	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAMOTRIGINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIPOIC ACID, ALPHA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECASERMIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELPHALAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE HEMISUCCINATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-0812	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NERISPIRDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORETHINDRONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OBEXELIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ODITRASERTIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OPICINUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXCARBAZEPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAVINETANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGSEBRENATIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRTOBRUTINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLOVAMER	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLOVAMER ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLOZALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIFAMPIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILUZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROLIPRAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SECUKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TABALUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAURINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEMELIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEMSIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENOFOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENOFOVIR ALAFENAMIDE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEPILAMIDE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESTOSTERONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIPLIMOTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOZINAMERAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UCB-1184197	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
USTEKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VATELIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VSN-16R	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACYCLOVIR SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANAKINRA	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANDROGRAPHOLIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASP-4058	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAMINERCEPT	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENDAMUSTINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BLOOD CELLS, RED	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
D-ASPARTATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DANTROLENE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASATINIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELCUBRAGISTAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EVRULEUCEL	Cell therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGRASTIM	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GATRALIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK2618960	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANABENZ	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDEBENONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INEBILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOXSUPRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IXAZOMIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINOLEIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIOTHYRONINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LITHIUM CARBONATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOQUINONE CATION	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIVOLUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OBECABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLESOXIME	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OTILIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZANEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PANTOPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEPINEMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIOGLITAZONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRFENIDONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRILIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSILOCYBIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUERCETIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE FUMARATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAPCABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESECABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELENIUM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01954693 — A Study of Everolimus in the Treatment of Neurocognitive Problems in Tuberous Sclerosis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT03140449 — Topical Rapamycin and Calcitriol for Angiofibroma of Tuberous Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02201212 — Everolimus for Cancer With TSC1 or TSC2 Mutation (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03525834 — Safety and Efficacy of Everolimus (Afinitor®) in Chinese Adult Patients With Angiomyolipoma Associated With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00126672 — RAPAMYCIN FOR KIDNEY ANGIOMYOLIPOMAS (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05467397 — Feasibility of [11C]Acetate-PET in LAM and TSC (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00457808 — Rapamycin Therapy for Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and Sporadic LAM (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04595513 — Stopping TSC Onset and Progression 2: Epilepsy Prevention in TSC Infants (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAUROLITHOCHOLIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIZANIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOL-101	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VAMOROLONE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANCOMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN E	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLACABTAGENE AUTOLEUCEL	Gene therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALEMTUZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BACLOFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLADRIBINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CORTICOTROPIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DACLIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DALFAMPRIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DANTROLENE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARBEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEBAMESTROCEL	Cell therapy	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMETHYL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIROXIMEL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMAPUNIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESZOPICLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETIFOXINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINGOLIMOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINGOLIMOD HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FINGOLIMOD LAURYL SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GADOTERIDOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLATIRAMER ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INCOBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON BETA-1A	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON BETA-1B	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEFLUNOMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINCOMYCIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02296346 — Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of ECP in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (TERMINATED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE SODIUM SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLTHIOADENOSINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOXANTRONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONOMETHYL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NATALIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OCRELIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFATUMUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZANIMOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZANIMOD HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGINTERFERON BETA-1A	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PONESIMOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINAZOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SEMAGLUTIDE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIPONIMOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIPONIMOD FUMARIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC, ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERIFLUNOMIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBLITUXIMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UDIFITIMOD	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UDIFITIMOD HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ABATACEPT Repurposing via CD86	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01116427 — A Cooperative Clinical Study of Abatacept in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT07161999 — Study of COYA 302 for the Treatment of ALS (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT00035529 — A Study to Evaluate the Preliminary Efficacy Pharmacokinetics and Immunogenicity of BMS-188667 Administered to Subjects With Relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis (TERMINATED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacological treatment of psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature research for the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2020) Clinical trial publication Abatacept Targets T Follicular Helper and Regulatory T Cells, Disrupting Molecular Pathways That Regulate Their Proliferation and Maintenance (Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2019) Clinical trial publication ACCLAIM: A randomized trial of abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2017) Clinical trial publication Long-term safety and efficacy of abatacept in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Arthritis and rheumatism, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02466074 — Augmenting Cerebral Blood Flow to Treat Established Multiple Sclerosis (TERMINATED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALEFACEPT Repurposing via CD58	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ALEMTUZUMAB Repurposing via CD52	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 34 Cochrane 39 Meta-analysis 38 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06310343 — ADAs to Alemtuzumab (COMPLETED) NCT02583594 — A Study to Characterize Subcutaneous or Intravenous Alemtuzumab in Patients With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT04633967 — Observational Study of a Novel Peri Infusion Regimen on the Infusion Associated Reactions With Alemtuzumab Infusion in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis in a Canadian Clinical Setting. (COMPLETED) NCT03135249 — Sequential Natalizumab - Alemtuzumab Therapy in Patients With Relapsing Forms of Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00930553 — An Extension Protocol for Multiple Sclerosis Patients Who Participated in Genzyme-Sponsored Studies of Alemtuzumab (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01020370 — Exploratory Study to Investigate the Reparative and Regenerative Potential of Alemtuzumab in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients Participating in the CARE MS I and MS II Studies (COMPLETED) NCT02529839 — Safety and Efficacy of an Immunoablative Nonmyeloablative Conditioning Protocol for Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (UNKNOWN) NA NCT04821596 — Study of the Mechanisms of Action of Cladribine in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review (Journal of neurology, 2026) Cochrane review Incidence of Alemtuzumab-Induced Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery, 2026) Cochrane review The effect of disease-modifying therapies on brain volume loss and disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (The Lancet regional health. Europe, 2025) Cochrane review Rituximab for people with multiple sclerosis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of disease-modifying therapies in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis: A systematic review of clinical trials and observational studies (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2025) Meta-analysis Updated systematic literature review and network meta-analysis of cladribine tablets versus currently approved disease-modifying treatments for active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2026) Meta-analysis Drug-Induced Reactivation of VZV and HSV1-2 in Adult Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Disease-modifying Therapies: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Current neuropharmacology, 2026) Meta-analysis The comparative efficacy of cladribine tablets versus alternative disease-modifying treatments for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: Updated meta-regression estimates by patient subgroup (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2026) Meta-analysis MS Fatigue Post High-Efficacy Treatment (European journal of neurology, 2025) Systematic review Towards practical management of the Marburg variant of multiple sclerosis (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2026) Systematic review Recent Advances in Interventions Targeting Remyelination and a Systematic Review of Remyelinating Effects of Approved Disease-Modifying Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (European journal of neurology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Role of B Cell Profile for Predicting Secondary Autoimmunity in Patients Treated With Alemtuzumab (Frontiers in immunology, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02676739 — Adderall XR and Cognitive Impairment in MS (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01615887 — Study of Lisdexamfetamine Sulfate to Treat Cognitive Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacological treatment options for cognitive dysfunction induced by multiple sclerosis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in neurology, 2025) Meta-analysis Examining the effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and stimulant-based medications for cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2018) Clinical trial publication Effects of single dose mixed amphetamine salts--extended release on processing speed in multiple sclerosis: a double blind placebo controlled study (Psychopharmacology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate improves processing speed and memory in cognitively impaired MS patients: a phase II study (Journal of neurology, 2013) Clinical trial publication L-amphetamine improves memory in MS patients with objective memory impairment (Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 2011) Clinical trial publication The effects of L-amphetamine sulfate on cognition in MS patients: results of a randomized controlled trial (Journal of neurology, 2009) Clinical trial publication Effects of l-amphetamine sulfate on cognitive function in multiple sclerosis patients (Journal of neurology, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTI-THYMOCYTE GLOBULIN Repurposing via CD86	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05482542 — Optimal Conditioning Regimen for Autologous Transplantation of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT04203017 — Fecal Microbiota Transplantation After Autologous HSCT in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT05029206 — Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis in Sweden (COMPLETED) NCT05078177 — Safety and Efficacy of Intrathecal Rituximab in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (UNKNOWN) PHASE1 NCT00716066 — Autologous Stem Cell Transplant for Neurologic Autoimmune Diseases (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT04047628 — Best Available Therapy Versus Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant for Multiple Sclerosis (BEAT-MS) (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT05832515 — AHSCT With Fludarabine and Cyclophosphamide Based Conditioning Regimes in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT00014755 — Phase I Pilot Study of Total-Body Irradiation, Anti-Thymocyte Globulin and Cyclophosphamide Followed By Syngeneic or Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Review of the Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Alemtuzumab and Its Use in Kidney Transplantation (Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2018) Clinical trial publication Immunoablation and autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation for aggressive multiple sclerosis: a multicentre single-group phase 2 trial (Lancet (London, England), 2016) Clinical trial publication Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: a phase II trial (Neurology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Anti-thymocyte globulin plus etanercept as therapy for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): a phase II study (British journal of haematology, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BELATACEPT Repurposing via CD86	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BELUMOSUDIL Repurposing via AURKB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CINNARIZINE Repurposing via CDK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOFIBRATE Repurposing via CDK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOTRIMAZOLE Repurposing via CDK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
COPANLISIB Repurposing via AURKB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DASATINIB ANHYDROUS Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXAMETHASONE Repurposing via CD86	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	6 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 8 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT07597668 — A Comparative Study of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety, and Immunogenicity of RPH-035 and Ocrevus® in Patients With Relapsing-remitting or Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis With Exacerbations (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT04047628 — Best Available Therapy Versus Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant for Multiple Sclerosis (BEAT-MS) (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT05232825 — A Phase III, Non-Inferiority, Randomized, Open-Label, Parallel Group, Multicenter Study To Investigate The Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety And Radiological And Clinical Effects Of Subcutaneous Ocrelizumab Versus Intravenous Ocrelizumab In Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02644044 — Intrathecal Methotrexate for Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: An Open Label Single Arm Study (UNKNOWN) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT00232193 — Safety/Effectiveness of Adding Monthly Dexamethasone to Weekly Avonex for MS (COMPLETED) NCT00674141 — Nasal Administration of Dexamethasone for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Treatment (WITHDRAWN) PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Corticosteroids for treating optic neuritis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Cochrane review Pharmacological treatments for fatigue associated with palliative care (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Systematic review [Treatment of nausea and vomiting with 5HT3 receptor antagonists, steroids, antihistamines, anticholinergics, somatostatinantagonists, benzodiazepines and cannabinoids in palliative care patients : a systematic review] (Schmerz (Berlin, Germany), 2012) Clinical trial publication Human intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of autologous, non-engineered, adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (ADSVF) for neurodegenerative disorders: results of a 3-year phase 1 study of 113 injections in 31 patients (Molecular biology reports, 2019) Clinical trial publication Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity evolves differentially in untreated versus treated multiple sclerosis (Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2014) Clinical trial publication Monthly intravenous methylprednisolone in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis - reduction of enhancing lesions, T2 lesion volume and plasma prolactin concentrations (BMC neurology, 2006) Clinical trial publication Combined treatment with corticosteroids and moclobemide favors normalization of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double blind trial (The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2001) Clinical trial publication Serial evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis bouts. Relation to steroid treatment (Italian journal of neurological sciences, 1994) Randomized controlled trial Double-blind trial of dexamethasone versus methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis acute relapses (European neurology, 1994) Randomized controlled trial Acute and long-term effects of adrenocorticotropin and dexamethasone on the auditory brainstem response in multiple sclerosis patients (Journal of neurology, 1993) Randomized controlled trial Double-blind randomized trial of ACTH versus dexamethasone versus methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis bouts. Clinical, cerebrospinal fluid and neurophysiological results (European neurology, 1989) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENOXACIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ENTRECTINIB Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERLOTINIB Repurposing via AURKB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing via CDK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GEFITINIB Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GILTERITINIB Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
GILTERITINIB FUMARATE Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05013463 — Hydroxychloroquine and Indapamide in SPMS (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via CD86	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Intrathecally administered natural human fibroblast interferon reduces exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Results of a multicenter, double-blind study (Archives of neurology, 1987) Clinical trial publication Multicentre double-blind study of effect of intrathecally administered natural human fibroblast interferon on exacerbations of multiple sclerosis (Lancet (London, England), 1986) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON BETA-1A Repurposing via CD58	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
INTERFERON BETA-1B Repurposing via CD58	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAPATINIB Repurposing via AURKB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02296346 — Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of ECP in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (TERMINATED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAMIDRONATE DISODIUM Repurposing via CD86	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PAZOPANIB Repurposing via AURKB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RUCAPARIB Repurposing via CDK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SERTRALINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via CDK1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01954693 — A Study of Everolimus in the Treatment of Neurocognitive Problems in Tuberous Sclerosis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT03140449 — Topical Rapamycin and Calcitriol for Angiofibroma of Tuberous Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02201212 — Everolimus for Cancer With TSC1 or TSC2 Mutation (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03525834 — Safety and Efficacy of Everolimus (Afinitor®) in Chinese Adult Patients With Angiomyolipoma Associated With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00126672 — RAPAMYCIN FOR KIDNEY ANGIOMYOLIPOMAS (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05467397 — Feasibility of [11C]Acetate-PET in LAM and TSC (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00457808 — Rapamycin Therapy for Patients With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and Sporadic LAM (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT04595513 — Stopping TSC Onset and Progression 2: Epilepsy Prevention in TSC Infants (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SORAFENIB Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	10 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERFENADINE Repurposing via CD86	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VANDETANIB Repurposing via AXL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALEMTUZUMAB BETA Repurposing via CD52	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1270061 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1331754 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1333982 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1408031 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1414990 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1481453 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1600564 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2003658 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2059067 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2059068 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2059074 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL2059274 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL357170 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL507159 Repurposing via CDC25B	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GATRALIMAB Repurposing via CD52	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ATP6V1B2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

120 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked)

Reference lookups: GreenMedInfo · Examine.com

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Ginkgo Biloba Natural product Meta-analysis Summary of evidence-based guideline: complementary and alternative medi…	Botanical	Phase III	Moderate	21	3 trials 5 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00010842 — Natural Antioxidants in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT00276341 — Study on the Effectiveness of EGb 761® vs Placebo Used for Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00841321 — Trial of Ginkgo as a Treatment for Cognitive Problems in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Meta-analysis Summary of evidence-based guideline: complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (Neurology, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	Examine.com GreenMedInfo
Vitamin D3 Natural product Clinical trial publication Vitamin D3 Supplementation Modulates Inflammatory Protein CHI3L1/YKL-40… Clinical trial publication Vitamin D did not reduce multiple sclerosis disease activity after a cl… Clinical trial publication Vitamin D related genetic polymorphisms affect serological response to…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Moderate	20	8 trials 3 Cochrane 22 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01753375 — Role of Vitamin D in Reducing the Relapse Rate in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT02696590 — High Dose Oral Versus Intramuscular Vitamin D3 Supplementation In Multiple Sclerosis Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT01928134 — The Efficacy of Vitamin K2 n Human Osteoporosis, Blood-vessel Calcification and Sclerosis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01728922 — Dose-related Effects of Vitamin D3 on Immune Responses in Patients With Clinically Isolated Syndrome (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT01432704 — Colecalciferol as an Add-on Treatment to Subcutaneously-Administered Interferon-beta-1b for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT05627609 — Sunlight-mediated Inter-organ Leukocyte Exchange (COMPLETED) NA NCT01285401 — Supplementation of VigantOL® Oil Versus Placebo as Add-on in Patients With Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Rebif® Treatment (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01198132 — A Multicentre Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Supplementary Treatment With Cholecalciferol in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Treated With Subcutaneous Interferon Beta-1a 44 µg 3 Times Weekly (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Vitamin D3 Supplementation Modulates Inflammatory Protein CHI3L1/YKL-40 and Oxidative Stress Status in Multiple Sclerosis (Neuropsychopharmacology reports, 2025) Clinical trial publication Vitamin D did not reduce multiple sclerosis disease activity after a clinically isolated syndrome (Brain : a journal of neurology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Vitamin D related genetic polymorphisms affect serological response to high-dose vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis (PloS one, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effect of vitamin D supplementation on N-glycan branching and cellular immunophenotypes in MS (Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2020) Clinical trial publication Vitamin D supplementation and neurofilament light chain in multiple sclerosis (Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Clinical trial publication Vitamin D3 Supplementation Modulates Inflammatory Protein CHI3L1/YKL-40… Clinical trial publication Vitamin D did not reduce multiple sclerosis disease activity after a cl… Clinical trial publication Vitamin D related genetic polymorphisms affect serological response to…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	19	8 trials 3 Cochrane 22 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01753375 — Role of Vitamin D in Reducing the Relapse Rate in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT02696590 — High Dose Oral Versus Intramuscular Vitamin D3 Supplementation In Multiple Sclerosis Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT01928134 — The Efficacy of Vitamin K2 n Human Osteoporosis, Blood-vessel Calcification and Sclerosis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01728922 — Dose-related Effects of Vitamin D3 on Immune Responses in Patients With Clinically Isolated Syndrome (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT01432704 — Colecalciferol as an Add-on Treatment to Subcutaneously-Administered Interferon-beta-1b for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT05627609 — Sunlight-mediated Inter-organ Leukocyte Exchange (COMPLETED) NA NCT01285401 — Supplementation of VigantOL® Oil Versus Placebo as Add-on in Patients With Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Receiving Rebif® Treatment (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01198132 — A Multicentre Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Supplementary Treatment With Cholecalciferol in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis Treated With Subcutaneous Interferon Beta-1a 44 µg 3 Times Weekly (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Vitamin D3 Supplementation Modulates Inflammatory Protein CHI3L1/YKL-40 and Oxidative Stress Status in Multiple Sclerosis (Neuropsychopharmacology reports, 2025) Clinical trial publication Vitamin D did not reduce multiple sclerosis disease activity after a clinically isolated syndrome (Brain : a journal of neurology, 2024) Clinical trial publication Vitamin D related genetic polymorphisms affect serological response to high-dose vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis (PloS one, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effect of vitamin D supplementation on N-glycan branching and cellular immunophenotypes in MS (Annals of clinical and translational neurology, 2020) Clinical trial publication Vitamin D supplementation and neurofilament light chain in multiple sclerosis (Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Clinical trial publication Effects of spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis supplementation on inflamm… Clinical trial publication Low vitamin D, but not tobacco use or high BMI, is associated with long… Clinical trial publication Vitamin D, HLA-DRB1 and Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels in a prospec…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 3 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 6 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00360906 — Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01842191 — Efficacy of Fish Oil in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02670161 — Quality Improvement and Practice Based Research in Neurology Using the EMR (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE4 NCT02133664 — Lipoic Acid and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT05007483 — Efficacy of Diet on Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT07346703 — Effects of DHA in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) NA NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00122954 — Fish Oil for the Treatment of Depression in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis supplementation on inflammation, physical and mental quality of life, and anthropometric measures in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS): a triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (Nutrition journal, 2025) Clinical trial publication Low vitamin D, but not tobacco use or high BMI, is associated with long-term disability progression in multiple sclerosis (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2021) Clinical trial publication Vitamin D, HLA-DRB1 and Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels in a prospective cohort of multiple sclerosis patients (European journal of neurology, 2016) Clinical trial publication Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Pilot Study (PloS one, 2016) Clinical trial publication ω-3 fatty acid treatment in multiple sclerosis (OFAMS Study): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Archives of neurology, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Vitamin B12 Natural product Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap… Human Study High-dose vitamin B supplementation for persistent visual deficit in mu… Human Study Antibody titers against EBV in MS patients rise after the onset of the…	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	19	3 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07515638 — Immun4Cure Cohort of Autoimmune Diseases (RECRUITING) NCT02008669 — Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Fatigue in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
N-Acetylcysteine Natural product N-Acetylcysteine in Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review of Clin… Effects of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress biomarkers, depression,… D-mannose for preventing and treating urinary tract infections	Amino acid	Phase II	Emerging	19	5 trials 2 Cochrane 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02804594 — A Study of Oxidative Pathways in MS Fatigue (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT05122559 — Neuroprotection With N-acetyl Cysteine for Patients With Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT00203099 — Safety and Efficacy Study of Copaxone Administered in Combination With N-Acetylcysteine (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03032601 — Physiological Effects of N-Acetyl Cysteine in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) NA NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Melatonin Natural product Meta-analysis Do sleep interventions improve sleep in MS? A systematic review and met… Meta-analysis The effects of melatonin supplementation on neurobehavioral outcomes an… Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Moderate	17	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 16 Trial pubs 12 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01279876 — Melatonin in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01903681 — Assessment of the Pharmacokinetics of Circadin® in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Sleep Disturbances (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01906866 — Efficacy and Safety of Circadin® in the Treatment of Sleep Disturbances in Children With Neurodevelopment Disabilities (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03498131 — Melatonin in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (MS). (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT01718678 — Effect of Melatonin on Multiple Sclerosis Related Fatigue (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02463318 — The Effect of Melatonin on Gene Expression and Activity of the Sirt1 and Its Target Genes Catalase and MnSOD in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) NA NCT03540485 — Safety and Efficacy of Melatonin in Patients With Multiple Progressive Primary Sclerosis (TERMINATED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT04035889 — Melatonin for Sleep in MS (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Do sleep interventions improve sleep in MS? A systematic review and meta-analysis of activity monitor assessed outcomes (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2026) Meta-analysis The effects of melatonin supplementation on neurobehavioral outcomes and clinical severity in rodent models of multiple sclerosis; a systematic review and meta-analysis (Inflammopharmacology, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Systematic review Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms and Fati… Systematic review The effect of emerging nutraceutical interventions for clinical and bio… Systematic review Influence of Diet in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Moderate	17	1 trials 2 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Systematic review Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms and Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2026) Systematic review The effect of emerging nutraceutical interventions for clinical and biological outcomes in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2020) Systematic review Influence of Diet in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review (Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
L-Carnitine Natural product	Amino acid	Phase III	Moderate	17	2 trials 3 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01149525 — Efficacy of L-carnitine Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Melatonin Natural product Meta-analysis Do sleep interventions improve sleep in MS? A systematic review and met… Meta-analysis The effects of melatonin supplementation on neurobehavioral outcomes an… Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	16	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 16 Trial pubs 12 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01279876 — Melatonin in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01903681 — Assessment of the Pharmacokinetics of Circadin® in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Sleep Disturbances (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01906866 — Efficacy and Safety of Circadin® in the Treatment of Sleep Disturbances in Children With Neurodevelopment Disabilities (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03498131 — Melatonin in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (MS). (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT01718678 — Effect of Melatonin on Multiple Sclerosis Related Fatigue (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02463318 — The Effect of Melatonin on Gene Expression and Activity of the Sirt1 and Its Target Genes Catalase and MnSOD in Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) NA NCT03540485 — Safety and Efficacy of Melatonin in Patients With Multiple Progressive Primary Sclerosis (TERMINATED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT04035889 — Melatonin for Sleep in MS (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Do sleep interventions improve sleep in MS? A systematic review and meta-analysis of activity monitor assessed outcomes (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2026) Meta-analysis The effects of melatonin supplementation on neurobehavioral outcomes and clinical severity in rodent models of multiple sclerosis; a systematic review and meta-analysis (Inflammopharmacology, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Taurine Natural product Metabolomics: a new frontier in neurodegenerative disease biomarker dis… Natural sulfur compounds in mental health and neurological disorders: i… Identification of key neuronal mechanisms triggered by dimethyl fumarat…	Amino acid	Phase II	Emerging	16	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07263607 — A Multicenter Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Taurine as an Adjunctive Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Creatine Natural product Longitudinal Metabolite Changes in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A St… Safety and efficacy of teriflunomide in paediatric multiple sclerosis (… Dietary interventions for multiple sclerosis-related outcomes	Amino acid	Approved	Emerging	16	3 trials 2 Meta-analysis 28 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00988988 — The Effects of Ethyl-Alpha-Guanido-Methyl Ethanoate on Skin Reactions From Glatiramer Acetate Injections (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT00069186 — Study of Creatine Monohydrate in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
L-Carnitine Natural product Treatment of central disorders of hypersomnolence: an American Academy… Dietary interventions for multiple sclerosis-related outcomes Pharmacological treatments for fatigue in patients with multiple sclero…	Amino acid	Phase III	Emerging	13	2 trials 3 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01149525 — Efficacy of L-carnitine Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Niacin Natural product Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap… Human Study High-dose vitamin B supplementation for persistent visual deficit in mu… Human Study Antibody titers against EBV in MS patients rise after the onset of the…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	13	2 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT05740722 — Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation In Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Systematic review Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms and Fati… Systematic review The effect of emerging nutraceutical interventions for clinical and bio… Systematic review Influence of Diet in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	10	1 trials 2 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Systematic review Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms and Fatigue: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2026) Systematic review The effect of emerging nutraceutical interventions for clinical and biological outcomes in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2020) Systematic review Influence of Diet in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review (Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Cannabidiol (CBD) Natural product Cochrane review Effectiveness and Safety of Cannabinoids as an Add-On Therapy in the Tr… Cochrane review Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with mul… Cochrane review Neurological Benefits, Clinical Challenges, and Neuropathologic Promise…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Moderate	10	8 trials 5 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 12 Trial pubs 10 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02073474 — An Observational Post-Marketing Safety Registry of Sativex® (COMPLETED) NCT01604265 — A Study of Sativex in the Treatment of Central Neuropathic Pain Due to Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00702468 — Evaluate the Maintenance of Effect After Long-term Treatment With Sativex® in Subjects With Symptoms of Spasticity Due to Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03172741 — The Effects of Different Medical Marijuana Strains on Motor and Cognitive Function in People With Multiple Sclerosis (WITHDRAWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT04485104 — Assessment of Adjunctive Cannabidiol Oral Solution (GWP42003-P) in Children With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), Dravet Syndrome (DS), or Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) Who Experience Inadequately-controlled Seizures (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02544750 — An Open-label Extension Trial of Cannabidiol (GWP42003-P, CBD) for Seizures in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (GWPCARE6) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04657666 — Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Nabiximols Oromucosal Spray on Clinical Measures of Spasticity in Participants With Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03005119 — Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Orally Administered PTL201 in MS Patients With Spasticity-related Symptoms (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Effectiveness and Safety of Cannabinoids as an Add-On Therapy in the Treatment of Resistant Spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review (Cannabis and cannabinoid research, 2023) Cochrane review Cannabis and cannabinoids for symptomatic treatment for people with multiple sclerosis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022) Cochrane review Neurological Benefits, Clinical Challenges, and Neuropathologic Promise of Medical Marijuana: A Systematic Review of Cannabinoid Effects in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Models of Demyelination (Biomedicines, 2022) Cochrane review Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (The lancet. Psychiatry, 2019) Cochrane review The use of cannabinoids for sleep: A critical review on clinical trials (Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2019) Systematic review Are Cannabis-Based Medicines a Useful Treatment for Neuropathic Pain? A Systematic Review (Biomolecules, 2025) Systematic review The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol oromucosal spray on cognition: a systematic review (European journal of clinical pharmacology, 2023) Systematic review Immunomodulatory Potential of Cannabidiol in Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review (Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology, 2021) Randomized controlled trial A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of THC/CBD oromucosal spray in combination with the existing treatment regimen, in the relief of central neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis (Journal of neurology, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Panax Ginseng (Korean Ginseng) Natural product	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Moderate	10	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00754832 — American Ginseng Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis Related Fatigue (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01712373 — Ginseng in Treatment of Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Natural product Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap… Human Study High-dose vitamin B supplementation for persistent visual deficit in mu… Human Study Antibody titers against EBV in MS patients rise after the onset of the…	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Moderate	10	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Vitamin B12 Natural product Human Study High-dose vitamin B supplementation for persistent visual deficit in mu… Meta Analysis Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sc… Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap…	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	10	3 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07515638 — Immun4Cure Cohort of Autoimmune Diseases (RECRUITING) NCT02008669 — Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Fatigue in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Clinical trial publication Effects of spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis supplementation on inflamm… Clinical trial publication Low vitamin D, but not tobacco use or high BMI, is associated with long… Clinical trial publication Vitamin D, HLA-DRB1 and Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels in a prospec…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	8 trials 3 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 6 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT00360906 — Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01842191 — Efficacy of Fish Oil in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02670161 — Quality Improvement and Practice Based Research in Neurology Using the EMR (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) PHASE4 NCT02133664 — Lipoic Acid and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT05007483 — Efficacy of Diet on Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT07346703 — Effects of DHA in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) NA NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00122954 — Fish Oil for the Treatment of Depression in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis supplementation on inflammation, physical and mental quality of life, and anthropometric measures in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS): a triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (Nutrition journal, 2025) Clinical trial publication Low vitamin D, but not tobacco use or high BMI, is associated with long-term disability progression in multiple sclerosis (Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2021) Clinical trial publication Vitamin D, HLA-DRB1 and Epstein-Barr virus antibody levels in a prospective cohort of multiple sclerosis patients (European journal of neurology, 2016) Clinical trial publication Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Pilot Study (PloS one, 2016) Clinical trial publication ω-3 fatty acid treatment in multiple sclerosis (OFAMS Study): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Archives of neurology, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Folate Natural product Human Study The effect of vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation on serum homoc…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Vitamin K Natural product Meta Analysis Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sc… Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap… Human Study High-dose vitamin B supplementation for persistent visual deficit in mu…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Magnesium Natural product Essential and toxic metal concentrations in biological samples of multi… Change in Micronutrient Intake among People with Relapsing-Remitting Mu… Blood Trace Element Status in Multiple Sclerosis: a Systematic Review a…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Ginger Natural product The effects of ginger supplementation on common gastrointestinal sympto… The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) supplementation on clinical,… A systematic review of possible interactions for herbal medicines and d…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Biotin (Vitamin B7) Natural product Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap… Human Study High-dose vitamin B supplementation for persistent visual deficit in mu… Human Study Antibody titers against EBV in MS patients rise after the onset of the…	Food compound	Preclinical	Moderate	10	—	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin a Natural product Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap… Human Study High-dose vitamin B supplementation for persistent visual deficit in mu… Human Study Antibody titers against EBV in MS patients rise after the onset of the…	Food compound	Preclinical	Moderate	10	—	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Olive Oil Natural product Human Study A Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil may have a protective role in mu… Human Study Cannabis extracts can be a useful and safe option for patients with MS… Human Study Cannabis-based extracts have therapeutic value for bladder dysfunction…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Curcumin Natural product Human Study Review: Curcumin has therapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis.	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Probiotics Natural product Human Study Immunosuppressive effects of two probiotics, Lactobacillus paracasei DS… Human Study Probiotic supplementation for 12 weeks in patients with multiple sclero… Human Study Probiotics have a favorable effect on immune status in multiple scleros…	Probiotic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Saffron Natural product Human Study Effects of crocin on inflammatory biomarkers and mental health status i… Human Study The effect of saffron and corrective exercises on depression and qualit…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Niacin Natural product Human Study High-dose vitamin B supplementation for persistent visual deficit in mu… Meta Analysis Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sc… Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	7	2 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT05740722 — Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation In Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT01381354 — Nutrition, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (SPMS) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Natural product Human Study Lipoic acid down-regulates inflammation in multiple sclerosis patients.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Lactobacillus Natural product Human Study Immunosuppressive effects of two probiotics, Lactobacillus paracasei DS… Human Study Probiotic supplementation for 12 weeks in patients with multiple sclero…	Probiotic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Spirulina Natural product Effects of spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis supplementation on inflamm…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Grape Seed Extract Natural product Influence of Diet in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Resveratrol Natural product Human Study Subclinical pertussis infection, which results from the vaccine's…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Moringa Natural product Unraveling the metabolic potential of Moringa oleifera derived metaboli… An insight into the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects… Moringa oleifera Lam and its Therapeutic Effects in Immune Disorders	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Ginseng Natural product A systematic review of possible interactions for herbal medicines and d… The effect of emerging nutraceutical interventions for clinical and bio… Influence of Diet in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Cannabidiol Natural product Human Study Cannabis extracts can be a useful and safe option for patients with MS… Human Study Cannabis-based medicine is effective in reducing pain and sleep disturb… Human Study Cannabis-based medicine may represent a useful new agent for treatment…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	2	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Vitamin a Natural product Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap… Human Study High-dose vitamin B supplementation for persistent visual deficit in mu… Human Study Antibody titers against EBV in MS patients rise after the onset of the…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Danusertib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
6bio Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
At-9283 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Alvocidib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Midostaurin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Staurosporine Natural product A Distinct Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract Prevents Iron Neurotoxicity, a D… Expression of the neuroprotective protein aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuc… Melanocortin receptor subtypes are expressed on cells in the oligodendr…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Sotrastaurin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Lestaurtinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Imatinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Anomalin a Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nintedanib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Erlotinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Fedratinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Enzastaurin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Axitinib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
2-[[6-(benzylamino)-9-isopropyl-purin-2-yl]amino]butan-1-ol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Alsterpaullone Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Olomoucine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Seliciclib Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Purvalanola Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
(2S)-2-[[6-(benzylamino)-9-isopropyl-purin-2-yl]amino]butan-1-ol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Indirubin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Biotin (Vitamin B7) Natural product Meta Analysis These findings suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a therap… Human Study High-dose vitamin B supplementation for persistent visual deficit in mu… Human Study Antibody titers against EBV in MS patients rise after the onset of the…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
(2S)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-phenyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyl-tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxymethyl]tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-chroman-4-one Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Thiamin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
7,8-dimethyl-10-[(2S,3S,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-quinone Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Edta (Synthetic Amino Acid Compound) Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Cannabis Natural product Meta Analysis Whole plant cannabis provides subjective symptom relief in multiple scl… Human Study Cannabis extracts can be a useful and safe option for patients with MS… Human Study Cannabis-based extracts have therapeutic value for bladder dysfunction…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Delta-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Natural product Human Study Cannabis extracts can be a useful and safe option for patients with MS… Human Study Delta-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol have therapeutic value… Human Study THC and CBD was effective in select patients with central neuropathic p…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Cannabinoids Natural product Meta Analysis Cannabinoids may have possible therapeutic properties for the managemen… Human Study Cannabis-based medicine is effective in reducing pain and sleep disturb… Human Study Cannabis-based medicine may represent a useful new agent for treatment…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) Natural product Human Study Decreases in inflammatory levels in patients with multiple sclerosis af… Human Study EGCG and coconut oil improve state anxiety and functional capacity in p… Human Study EGCG given to patients with multiple sclerosis over 12 weeks improved m…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Coconut Oil Natural product Human Study Decreases in inflammatory levels in patients with multiple sclerosis af… Human Study EGCG and coconut oil improve state anxiety and functional capacity in p… Human Study Improvements in gait and balance in patients with multiple sclerosis af…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Royal Jelly Natural product Human Study Royal jelly and ω-3 could be helpful in Multiple sclerosis patients. Human Study Royal jelly may help decrease oxidative stress and improve motor functi… Human Study Royal jelly supplementation may have beneficial effects on inflammatory…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Evening Primrose Oil Natural product Human Study Evening primrose oil has beneficial effects on fatigue and quality of l…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Cannabinoids: Synthetic Natural product Meta Analysis Cannabinoids may have possible therapeutic properties for the managemen… Human Study Cannabis-based medicine is effective in reducing pain and sleep disturb… Human Study Cannabis-based medicine may represent a useful new agent for treatment…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Icariin Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Flavonoids Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Silibinin Natural product Human Study Antioxidative effects of silymarin on the reduction of liver complicati… Human Study Significant immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective impacts of Silymarin…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Ellagic Acid Natural product Human Study Ellagic acid supplementation can improve the health status of MS patien…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Chrysin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

Disease overview

Remission & chronicity

Alterations

Therapeutics

Natural Products

Part of the Open Source Medicine Foundation Network