Disease overview

Alterations

130

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

117

Via biomarker

216

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

331

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Seeds, Open Targets, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

~90% of acute LBP episodes resolve within 6 weeks regardless of treatment; chronic LBP (>3 months) shows only 30-40% recovery at 1 year and high recurrence; opioid prescribing correlates inversely with recovery

Best-intervention remission

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) + graded exercise: 50-70% sustained improvement at 1 year in chronic LBP; Pain Reprocessing Therapy (PRT) — 66% pain-free or nearly pain-free at 1 year (JAMA Psychiatry 2021, vs 20% placebo); early active rehabilitation (vs bed rest) dramatically reduces chronification

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large for psychologically-informed approaches vs current opioid/surgical dominant model

Primary barrier

practice

Barrier detail: Opioid prescribing for chronic LBP is associated with worse long-term outcomes yet remains extremely common; spinal fusion surgery rates 40x higher in US than UK despite no superiority over conservative care in most indications; active rehabilitation demonstrably superior to passive treatment but requires patient effort and provider time

Last SoC change: 2017 — ACP guidelines explicitly recommended against opioids as first-line for chronic LBP; 2016 CDC opioid prescribing guidelines; imaging-guided approach deprioritized; exercise and CBT as first-line since 2017 — but implementation is poor

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: EFO: HP_0003419 · ORPHA: ORPHA:171445

Alterations

130 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12, 9.95 = worst quality of life imaginable, 70.02 = worst quality of life imaginable )	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
ADGRL3 adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA1 adenosine A1 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA2A adenosine A2a receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA2B adenosine A2b receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA3 adenosine A3 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2A adrenoceptor alpha 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2B adrenoceptor alpha 2B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2C adrenoceptor alpha 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
APOE apolipoprotein E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Analgesic Consumption	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Anthropometry	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Back pain	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Biomechanical Data	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Body Awareness	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
CA1 carbonic anhydrase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1A calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1B calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1D calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1E calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1F calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 F	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1G calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 G	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1H calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 H	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1I calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 I	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1S calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D1 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D2 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D3 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D4 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB1 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB2 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB3 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNB4 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit beta 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG1 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG2 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG3 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG4 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG5 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG6 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG7 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNG8 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDK5RAP2 CDK5 regulatory subunit associated protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM2 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM3 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHST3 carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Change in Intramuscular contraction capacity erector muscles	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change in Lumbar motor control	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change in heart rate variability (HRV)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
DCC DCC netrin 1 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Disability	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
EMG - weight holding test (1 kg) for left iliocostalis muscle (PRE)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
EMG - weight holding test (1 kg) for left longissimus muscle (PRE)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
EMG - weight holding test (1 kg) for left multifidus muscle (PRE)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
EMG - weight holding test (1 kg) for right iliocostalis muscle (PRE)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
EMG - weight holding test (1 kg) for right longissimus muscle (PRE)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
EMG - weight holding test (1 kg) for right multifidus muscle (PRE)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Evaluation of State of Anxiety	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
FAAH fatty acid amide hydrolase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOXP2 forkhead box P2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Function	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
GABRA1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA2 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA3 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA4 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA5 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRA6 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRB1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRB2 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRB3 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRD gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit delta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRE gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit epsilon	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRG1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRG2 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRG3 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRP gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit pi	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRQ gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit theta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GFPT1 glutamine--fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN1 glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2A glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2B glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2C glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2D glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN3A glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN3B glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 3B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HRH1 histamine receptor H1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR2A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR2C 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Kinesiophobia	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Lumbar anterior flexion (PRE)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Lumbar posterior flexion (PRE)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Lumbar right flexion (PRE)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
MTNR1A melatonin receptor 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MTNR1B melatonin receptor 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NGF nerve growth factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NRS) (0-10)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
OPRD1 opioid receptor delta 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRK1 opioid receptor kappa 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OPRM1 opioid receptor mu 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Oswestry disability index	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
PARD3B par-3 family cell polarity regulator beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGS1 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Pain Catastrophizing	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Pain Intensity	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Pain Self-Efficacy	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Pain as measured by the numerical rating scale (NRS)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
RELN reelin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RILPL2 Rab interacting lysosomal protein like 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN10A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN11A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN1A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN2A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN3A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN4A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN5A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN7A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 7	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN8A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN9A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC25A13 solute carrier family 25 member 13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A2 solute carrier family 6 member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A3 solute carrier family 6 member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A4 solute carrier family 6 member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SNAP25 synaptosome associated protein 25	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SOX5 SRY-box transcription factor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Self-administered digital scale (0 = no pain and 100 = maximum pain)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Sex-Hormones	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
TNF tumor necrosis factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TRPV1 transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, merged ranking, and clinical trial / literature evidence (top agents)

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
IMIPRAMINE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01179828 — Linking Altered Central Pain Processing and Genetic Polymorphism to Drug Efficacy in Chronic Low Back Pain (Predictio) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Pain management, 2024) Clinical trial publication Effect of single-dose imipramine on chronic low-back and experimental pain. A randomized controlled trial (PloS one, 2018) Clinical trial publication Predicting drug efficacy in chronic low back pain by quantitative sensory tests (European journal of pain (London, England), 2018) Clinical trial publication Linking altered central pain processing and genetic polymorphism to drug efficacy in chronic low back pain (BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Controlled trial of imipramine for chronic low back pain (The Journal of family practice, 1982) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIAZEPAM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	3 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02707094 — A Pilot Study Examining the Efficacy of Biomodulator Treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT02646124 — Diazepam Use With Standard Management for Acute Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT03996564 — Battlefield Acupuncture for Acute/Subacute Back Pain in the Emergency Department (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review [Systematic review of the literature and evaluation of the effectiveness of muscle relaxants in acute low back pain according to REB method] (Therapie, 2026) Clinical trial publication Methocarbamol versus diazepam in acute low back pain in the emergency department: a randomised double-blind clinical trial (Emergency medicine journal : EMJ, 2023) Clinical trial publication Diazepam Is No Better Than Placebo When Added to Naproxen for Acute Low Back Pain (Annals of emergency medicine, 2017) Clinical trial publication Postdural puncture headache and transient neurologic symptoms in children after spinal anaesthesia using cutting and pencil point paediatric spinal needles (Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1998) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ADUCANUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIXABAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APOMORPHINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ASPIRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATIPAMEZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRINZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BROMOCRIPTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CELIPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CHLORTHALIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CHOLESTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CHORIOGONADOTROPIN ALFA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01415895 — Naltrexone and Clonidine Combination (ATNC05) in the Treatment of Chronic Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02239627 — Epidural Clonidine Versus Corticosteroid for Low Back Pain (TERMINATED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CURCUMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOBENZAPRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	7 trials 3 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 6 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02707094 — A Pilot Study Examining the Efficacy of Biomodulator Treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT02814565 — Cyclobenzaprine HCl Extended Release 15 mg Versus Placebo in Treatment of Cervical and/or Lower Back Pain Due to Muscle Spasms of Local Origin (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04704297 — Trigger Point Injection for Myofascial Pain Syndrome in the Low Back: A Randomized Controlled Trial (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT01587508 — Study Comparing A New Drug Containing The Combination Meloxicam And Cyclobenzaprine In The Treatment Of Acute Lumbago (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT01421433 — A Comparative Study Between Lysine Clonixinate+Cyclobenzaprine and Caffeine+Carisoprodol+Sodium Diclofenac+Paracetamol (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT00386243 — Evaluation of Stepped Care for Chronic Pain in Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans (ESCAPE) (COMPLETED) NA NCT01587274 — A Randomized Study of Three Medication Regimens for Acute Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Long-Term Use of Muscle Relaxant Medications for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review (JAMA network open, 2024) Cochrane review Cochrane review Commonly used muscle relaxant therapies for acute low back pain: a review of carisoprodol, cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride, and metaxalone (Clinical therapeutics, 2004) Meta-analysis Pharmacotherapy of chronic pain: a synthesis of recommendations from systematic reviews (General hospital psychiatry, 2009) Systematic review 2016 Update on Medical Overuse: A Systematic Review (JAMA internal medicine, 2016) Clinical trial publication An assessment of the centrally acting muscle relaxant tolperisone on driving ability and cognitive effects compared to placebo and cyclobenzaprine (Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2020) Clinical trial publication Comparison of naproxen with cyclobenzaprine, oxycodone-acetaminophen, and placebo for the treatment of acute low back pain (CJEM, 2016) Clinical trial publication Naproxen With Cyclobenzaprine, Oxycodone/Acetaminophen, or Placebo for Treating Acute Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2015) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and tolerability of cyclobenzaprine extended release for acute muscle spasm: a pooled analysis (Postgraduate medicine, 2010) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of a low-dose regimen of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride in acute skeletal muscle spasm: results of two placebo-controlled trials (Clinical therapeutics, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Addition of dexmedetomidine and neostigmine to 1.5 % lidocaine and triamcinolone for epidural block to reduce the duration of analgesia in patients suffering from chronic low back pain (Journal of medicine and life, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONANEMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOPAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DORZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMIDATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FENOLDOPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FERULIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVASTATIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GANCICLOVIR Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GUANABENZ Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GUANABENZ ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HISTAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HISTIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LECANEMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVETIRACETAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVONORDEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LUTEIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOCARBAMOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLDOPA ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHYLDOPATE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILNACIPRAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIRTAZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE POLACRILEX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials 9 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 10 Trial pubs 9 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04142177 — Sequential and Comparative Evaluation of Pain Treatment Effectiveness Response (RECRUITING) NA NCT05396014 — The BEST Trial: Biomarkers for Evaluating Spine Treatments (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacotherapy and non-invasive neuromodulation for neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis (The Lancet. Neurology, 2025) Cochrane review Antidepressants for low back pain and spine-related leg pain (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Cochrane review PEER systematic review of randomized controlled trials: Management of chronic low back pain in primary care (Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 2021) Cochrane review Cochrane review Milnacipran for neuropathic pain in adults (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Meta-analysis Tapentadol for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Systematic review Non-opioid psychiatric medications for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis (Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland), 2024) Clinical trial publication Low back pain in athletes can be controlled with acupuncture by a catecholaminergic pathway: clinical trial (Acupuncture in medicine : journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society, 2020) Clinical trial publication Opioid Exposure Negatively Affects Antidepressant Response to Venlafaxine in Older Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain and Depression (Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2020) Clinical trial publication Treating concurrent chronic low back pain and depression with low-dose venlafaxine: an initial identification of "easy-to-use" clinical predictors of early response (Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2014) Clinical trial publication Tolerability of concomitant use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and oxymorphone extended release (Postgraduate medicine, 2012) Clinical trial publication Long-term safety and tolerability of tapentadol extended release for the management of chronic low back pain or osteoarthritis pain (Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORETHINDRONE ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PERGOLIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05085782 — Reconsolidation Therapy With Propranolol as a Treatment for Chronic Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03364075 — Genetic Variants Associated With Low Back Pain and Their Response to Treatment With Duloxetine or Propranolol (TERMINATED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPYLHEXEDRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REMIFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RILMENIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RITONAVIR Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULPIRIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SULTHIAME Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRAZODONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRETINOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRIAMCINOLONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRICHLORMETHIAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIDARABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
YOHIMBINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Baroreflex sensitivity associated hypoalgesia in healthy states is altered by chronic pain (Pain, 2008) Clinical trial publication The relationship between resting blood pressure and acute pain sensitivity: effects of chronic pain and alpha-2 adrenergic blockade (Journal of behavioral medicine, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ZONISAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAMINOPHEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMOXICILLIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BICIFADINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPRENORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARISOPRODOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOBAZAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOBENZAPRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMETHYL SULFONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPERISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETODOLAC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETORICOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASINUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HISTAMINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYALURONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCODONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROMORPHONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN TRELAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN TRELAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LETIBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOXOPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELOXICAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOCARBAMOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALOXONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOBOXIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NONIVAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORPHENADRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYCODEGOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYCODONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYMORPHONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REXLEMESTROCEL-L	Cell therapy	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROPIVACAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TANEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPENTADOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPENTADOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIOCOLCHICOSIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIZANIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLPERISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLTERODINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAMADOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AB-001	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABOBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AXOMADOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPIVACAINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEBRANOPADOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARIGABAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEPIXNEBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIBRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLURBIPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FULRANUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILNACIPRAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLIVE OIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PELUBIPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POISON OAK EXTRACT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGNENOLONE SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSILOCYBIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLEDRONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAMIDRONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROXITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLPIDEM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACECLOFENAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPRENORPHINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPSAICIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CODEINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYCODEGOL PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN B COMPLEX	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAMINOPHEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMOXICILLIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BICIFADINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPRENORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARISOPRODOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOBAZAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOBENZAPRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROSE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMETHYL SULFONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPERISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETODOLAC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETORICOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASINUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HISTAMINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYALURONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCODONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCODONE BITARTRATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROMORPHONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN TRELAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN TRELAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01179828 — Linking Altered Central Pain Processing and Genetic Polymorphism to Drug Efficacy in Chronic Low Back Pain (Predictio) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Pain management, 2024) Clinical trial publication Effect of single-dose imipramine on chronic low-back and experimental pain. A randomized controlled trial (PloS one, 2018) Clinical trial publication Predicting drug efficacy in chronic low back pain by quantitative sensory tests (European journal of pain (London, England), 2018) Clinical trial publication Linking altered central pain processing and genetic polymorphism to drug efficacy in chronic low back pain (BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Controlled trial of imipramine for chronic low back pain (The Journal of family practice, 1982) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
KETOPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LETIBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIDOCAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOXOPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELOXICAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOCARBAMOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALOXONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOBOXIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NONIVAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ORPHENADRINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYCODEGOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYCODONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYMORPHONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REXLEMESTROCEL-L	Cell therapy	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROPIVACAINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TANEZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPENTADOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAPENTADOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THIOCOLCHICOSIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIZANIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLPERISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLTERODINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAMADOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AB-001	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABOBOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AXOMADOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPIVACAINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEBRANOPADOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARIGABAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIAZEPAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	3 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02707094 — A Pilot Study Examining the Efficacy of Biomodulator Treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT02646124 — Diazepam Use With Standard Management for Acute Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT03996564 — Battlefield Acupuncture for Acute/Subacute Back Pain in the Emergency Department (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review [Systematic review of the literature and evaluation of the effectiveness of muscle relaxants in acute low back pain according to REB method] (Therapie, 2026) Clinical trial publication Methocarbamol versus diazepam in acute low back pain in the emergency department: a randomised double-blind clinical trial (Emergency medicine journal : EMJ, 2023) Clinical trial publication Diazepam Is No Better Than Placebo When Added to Naproxen for Acute Low Back Pain (Annals of emergency medicine, 2017) Clinical trial publication Postdural puncture headache and transient neurologic symptoms in children after spinal anaesthesia using cutting and pencil point paediatric spinal needles (Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1998) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEPIXNEBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIBRIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLURBIPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FULRANUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GABAPENTIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILNACIPRAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MINOCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALTREXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLIVE OIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PELUBIPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POISON OAK EXTRACT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGNENOLONE SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSILOCYBIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLEDRONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PAMIDRONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROXITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZOLPIDEM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACECLOFENAC	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPRENORPHINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAPSAICIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CODEINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYCODEGOL PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VITAMIN B COMPLEX	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE SODIUM Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ADUCANUMAB Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APIXABAN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APOMORPHINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ASPIRIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATIPAMEZOLE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRINZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BROMOCRIPTINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CELIPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLOROTHIAZIDE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CHLORTHALIDONE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CHOLESTEROL Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CHORIOGONADOTROPIN ALFA Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01415895 — Naltrexone and Clonidine Combination (ATNC05) in the Treatment of Chronic Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02239627 — Epidural Clonidine Versus Corticosteroid for Low Back Pain (TERMINATED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CURCUMIN Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CYCLOBENZAPRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	7 trials 3 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 6 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02707094 — A Pilot Study Examining the Efficacy of Biomodulator Treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT02814565 — Cyclobenzaprine HCl Extended Release 15 mg Versus Placebo in Treatment of Cervical and/or Lower Back Pain Due to Muscle Spasms of Local Origin (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04704297 — Trigger Point Injection for Myofascial Pain Syndrome in the Low Back: A Randomized Controlled Trial (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT01587508 — Study Comparing A New Drug Containing The Combination Meloxicam And Cyclobenzaprine In The Treatment Of Acute Lumbago (WITHDRAWN) PHASE3 NCT01421433 — A Comparative Study Between Lysine Clonixinate+Cyclobenzaprine and Caffeine+Carisoprodol+Sodium Diclofenac+Paracetamol (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT00386243 — Evaluation of Stepped Care for Chronic Pain in Iraq/Afghanistan Veterans (ESCAPE) (COMPLETED) NA NCT01587274 — A Randomized Study of Three Medication Regimens for Acute Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Long-Term Use of Muscle Relaxant Medications for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review (JAMA network open, 2024) Cochrane review Cochrane review Commonly used muscle relaxant therapies for acute low back pain: a review of carisoprodol, cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride, and metaxalone (Clinical therapeutics, 2004) Meta-analysis Pharmacotherapy of chronic pain: a synthesis of recommendations from systematic reviews (General hospital psychiatry, 2009) Systematic review 2016 Update on Medical Overuse: A Systematic Review (JAMA internal medicine, 2016) Clinical trial publication An assessment of the centrally acting muscle relaxant tolperisone on driving ability and cognitive effects compared to placebo and cyclobenzaprine (Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2020) Clinical trial publication Comparison of naproxen with cyclobenzaprine, oxycodone-acetaminophen, and placebo for the treatment of acute low back pain (CJEM, 2016) Clinical trial publication Naproxen With Cyclobenzaprine, Oxycodone/Acetaminophen, or Placebo for Treating Acute Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2015) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and tolerability of cyclobenzaprine extended release for acute muscle spasm: a pooled analysis (Postgraduate medicine, 2010) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of a low-dose regimen of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride in acute skeletal muscle spasm: results of two placebo-controlled trials (Clinical therapeutics, 2003) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Addition of dexmedetomidine and neostigmine to 1.5 % lidocaine and triamcinolone for epidural block to reduce the duration of analgesia in patients suffering from chronic low back pain (Journal of medicine and life, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02707094 — A Pilot Study Examining the Efficacy of Biomodulator Treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT02646124 — Diazepam Use With Standard Management for Acute Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT03996564 — Battlefield Acupuncture for Acute/Subacute Back Pain in the Emergency Department (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review [Systematic review of the literature and evaluation of the effectiveness of muscle relaxants in acute low back pain according to REB method] (Therapie, 2026) Clinical trial publication Methocarbamol versus diazepam in acute low back pain in the emergency department: a randomised double-blind clinical trial (Emergency medicine journal : EMJ, 2023) Clinical trial publication Diazepam Is No Better Than Placebo When Added to Naproxen for Acute Low Back Pain (Annals of emergency medicine, 2017) Clinical trial publication Postdural puncture headache and transient neurologic symptoms in children after spinal anaesthesia using cutting and pencil point paediatric spinal needles (Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 1998) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DONANEMAB Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DONEPEZIL Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOPAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DORZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMIDATE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FENOFIBRATE MICRONIZED Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FENOLDOPAM Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FERULIC ACID Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVASTATIN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GALANTAMINE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GANCICLOVIR Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GUANABENZ Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GUANABENZ ACETATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HISTAMINE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HISTIDINE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01179828 — Linking Altered Central Pain Processing and Genetic Polymorphism to Drug Efficacy in Chronic Low Back Pain (Predictio) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Pain management, 2024) Clinical trial publication Effect of single-dose imipramine on chronic low-back and experimental pain. A randomized controlled trial (PloS one, 2018) Clinical trial publication Predicting drug efficacy in chronic low back pain by quantitative sensory tests (European journal of pain (London, England), 2018) Clinical trial publication Linking altered central pain processing and genetic polymorphism to drug efficacy in chronic low back pain (BMC pharmacology & toxicology, 2015) Clinical trial publication Controlled trial of imipramine for chronic low back pain (The Journal of family practice, 1982) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRBESARTAN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LECANEMAB Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVETIRACETAM Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVODOPA Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVONORDEFRIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LORAZEPAM Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LUTEIN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOCARBAMOL Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLDOPA ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHYLDOPATE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILNACIPRAN Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIRTAZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE Repurposing via ADORA3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NICOTINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE POLACRILEX Repurposing via ADGRL3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials 9 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 10 Trial pubs 9 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04142177 — Sequential and Comparative Evaluation of Pain Treatment Effectiveness Response (RECRUITING) NA NCT05396014 — The BEST Trial: Biomarkers for Evaluating Spine Treatments (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Pharmacotherapy and non-invasive neuromodulation for neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis (The Lancet. Neurology, 2025) Cochrane review Antidepressants for low back pain and spine-related leg pain (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Cochrane review PEER systematic review of randomized controlled trials: Management of chronic low back pain in primary care (Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 2021) Cochrane review Cochrane review Milnacipran for neuropathic pain in adults (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Meta-analysis Tapentadol for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Systematic review Non-opioid psychiatric medications for chronic pain: systematic review and meta-analysis (Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland), 2024) Clinical trial publication Low back pain in athletes can be controlled with acupuncture by a catecholaminergic pathway: clinical trial (Acupuncture in medicine : journal of the British Medical Acupuncture Society, 2020) Clinical trial publication Opioid Exposure Negatively Affects Antidepressant Response to Venlafaxine in Older Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain and Depression (Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2020) Clinical trial publication Treating concurrent chronic low back pain and depression with low-dose venlafaxine: an initial identification of "easy-to-use" clinical predictors of early response (Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2014) Clinical trial publication Tolerability of concomitant use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and oxymorphone extended release (Postgraduate medicine, 2012) Clinical trial publication Long-term safety and tolerability of tapentadol extended release for the management of chronic low back pain or osteoarthritis pain (Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORETHINDRONE ACETATE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PERGOLIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOL Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PRAVASTATIN SODIUM Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT05085782 — Reconsolidation Therapy With Propranolol as a Treatment for Chronic Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03364075 — Genetic Variants Associated With Low Back Pain and Their Response to Treatment With Duloxetine or Propranolol (TERMINATED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPYLHEXEDRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REMIFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RILMENIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RITONAVIR Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RIVASTIGMINE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULPIRIDE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SULTHIAME Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRAZODONE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRETINOIN Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRIAMCINOLONE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TRICHLORMETHIAZIDE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via APOE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIDARABINE Repurposing via ADORA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLAZINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
YOHIMBINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Baroreflex sensitivity associated hypoalgesia in healthy states is altered by chronic pain (Pain, 2008) Clinical trial publication The relationship between resting blood pressure and acute pain sensitivity: effects of chronic pain and alpha-2 adrenergic blockade (Journal of behavioral medicine, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
ZONISAMIDE Repurposing via CA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

65 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked)

Reference lookups: GreenMedInfo · Examine.com

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Clinical trial publication Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka) fish oil on dysmenorrhoea	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	1 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT02774109 — The Effects of Fish Oil on Patients With Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of Clupeonella grimmi (anchovy/kilka) fish oil on dysmenorrhoea (Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Vitamin D3 Natural product Human Study The present study shows that vitamin-D supplementation can improve the… Review Methylcobalamin the activated form of vitamin B-12 is a potential pain…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	6 trials 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06082375 — Supplementation With Vitamin D3 on Chronic Low Back Pain Patient (COMPLETED) NA NCT06064058 — Assessing the Effects of HbA1c Reduction on Alleviating Nonspecific Back Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT06913413 — Effects Of 8-Week Core Stabilization Exercise With Vitamin D On Pain and Functional Limitation in Adults (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT06377618 — Comparison Of Resistance Training And Core Strengthening Exercises Vitamin D In Postmenopausal Women With Low Back Pain (UNKNOWN) NA NCT07439874 — Genetic Alterations From Physical Therapy in Low Back Pain and Disc Degeneration (COMPLETED) NA NCT06765382 — Association of Vitamin D Intake, and Associated Factors with Low Back Pain: a Retrospective Cohort Study (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Magnesium Natural product Randomized controlled trial The effect of oral magnesium supplementation on acute non-specific low… Randomized controlled trial Green exercise and mg-ca-SO(4) thermal balneotherapy for the treatment… Randomized controlled trial The effects of the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate content in thermal min…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	6 trials 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06438952 — Efficacy and Duration of Pain Relief in Transforaminal and Lumbar Sympathetic Blocks (UNKNOWN) NA NCT06064058 — Assessing the Effects of HbA1c Reduction on Alleviating Nonspecific Back Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT02268305 — The Use of Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in the Treatment of Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04626063 — Magnesium Oral Supplementation for Acute Non-specific Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT07027631 — Comparative Efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate Iontophoresis and Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy on Chronic Mechanical Neck Pain (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) NA NCT07418580 — Magnesium Sulfate Infusion on Postoperative Pain in Lumbar Surgery (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Randomized controlled trial The effect of oral magnesium supplementation on acute non-specific low back pain: Prospective randomized clinical trial (The American journal of emergency medicine, 2021) Randomized controlled trial Green exercise and mg-ca-SO(4) thermal balneotherapy for the treatment of non-specific chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial (BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2019) Randomized controlled trial The effects of the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate content in thermal mineral water on chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled follow-up study (International journal of biometeorology, 2018) Randomized controlled trial Benefits of Craniosacral Therapy in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 2016) Randomized controlled trial A double-blinded randomised controlled study of the value of sequential intravenous and oral magnesium therapy in patients with chronic low back pain with a neuropathic component (Anaesthesia, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Vitamin D3 Natural product Human Study The present study shows that vitamin-D supplementation can improve the… Human Study This combination of natural substances has potential to improve pain an… Review Methylcobalamin the activated form of vitamin B-12 is a potential pain…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	6 trials 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06082375 — Supplementation With Vitamin D3 on Chronic Low Back Pain Patient (COMPLETED) NA NCT06064058 — Assessing the Effects of HbA1c Reduction on Alleviating Nonspecific Back Pain (COMPLETED) NA NCT06913413 — Effects Of 8-Week Core Stabilization Exercise With Vitamin D On Pain and Functional Limitation in Adults (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT06377618 — Comparison Of Resistance Training And Core Strengthening Exercises Vitamin D In Postmenopausal Women With Low Back Pain (UNKNOWN) NA NCT07439874 — Genetic Alterations From Physical Therapy in Low Back Pain and Disc Degeneration (COMPLETED) NA NCT06765382 — Association of Vitamin D Intake, and Associated Factors with Low Back Pain: a Retrospective Cohort Study (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Vitamin E Natural product Human Study Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and gamma-linolenic acid (G… Human Study The present study shows that vitamin-D supplementation can improve the… Human Study This combination of natural substances has potential to improve pain an…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	3 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01971983 — Effect of Two Osteopathic Techniques on Thickness of Paravertebral Muscles of the Lumbar Spine (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00394264 — How Does Manual Therapy Improve Low Back Pain for Soldiers? (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT02640417 — Nucleotides and B Vitamins in the Treatment of Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Vitamin B12 Natural product Clinical trial publication Nucleotides Cytidine and Uridine Associated with Vitamin B12 vs B-Compl… Clinical trial publication Vitamin B12 in low back pain: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-contr… Human Study The present study shows that vitamin-D supplementation can improve the…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	7 trials 2 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03892707 — Milgamma® and Milgamma® Compositum Step-therapy in Patients With Acute Non-specific Low Back Pain Receiving Modern NSAID (COMPLETED) NCT05001555 — Efficacy and Safety of Dexketoprofen/Vitamin B Vs Dexketoprofen for Post-traumatic Cervical Sprain Grade I-II (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06517823 — Efficacy and Safety of Etoricoxib/Cyanocobalamin Versus Etoricoxib for Acute Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04585334 — Effectiveness of Tricortin 1000 in Patients Affected by Chronic Low Back Pain (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT02640417 — Nucleotides and B Vitamins in the Treatment of Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06516094 — Efficacy and Safety in the Combination of Celecoxib / Pregabalin / Vitamin B for Low Back Chronic Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06576739 — B Vitamin Supplementation to Chiropractic Management of Chronic LBP: Pilot Clinical Trial (VCLBP) (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Clinical trial publication Nucleotides Cytidine and Uridine Associated with Vitamin B12 vs B-Complex Vitamins in the Treatment of Low Back Pain: The NUBES Study (Journal of pain research, 2020) Clinical trial publication Vitamin B12 in low back pain: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2000) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Probiotics Natural product Randomized controlled trial Probiotics for chronic low back pain with type 1 Modic changes: a rando…	Probiotic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 trials 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03100266 — Probiotics for Modic Changes in Low Back Pain Patients (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Randomized controlled trial Probiotics for chronic low back pain with type 1 Modic changes: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 1-year follow-up using Lactobacillus Rhamnosis GG (European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Boswellia Natural product Human Study Efficacy and safety evaluation of Boswellia serrata and Curcuma longa e… Human Study The effects of massage with frankincense and myrrh oil in chronic low b… Human Study This combination of natural substances has potential to improve pain an…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04494165 — Massage With Frankincense and Myrrh Oil in Treating Chronic Low Back Pain (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Turmeric Natural product Human Study Efficacy and safety evaluation of Boswellia serrata and Curcuma longa e… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Curcumenol mitigates the inflammation and ameliorates the catabolism st…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Natural product Human Study Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and gamma-linolenic acid (G… Human Study This combination of natural substances has potential to improve pain an…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 Trial pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Chamomile Natural product Clinical trial publication Effect of chamomile oil on the intensity of nonspecific low back pain i…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 Trial pubs View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Effect of chamomile oil on the intensity of nonspecific low back pain in prehospital emergency technicians (The American journal of emergency medicine, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
L-Carnitine Natural product Human Study This combination of natural substances has potential to improve pain an…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	7	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Niacin Natural product Human Study The present study shows that vitamin-D supplementation can improve the… Human Study This combination of natural substances has potential to improve pain an… Review Methylcobalamin the activated form of vitamin B-12 is a potential pain…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	7	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07306364 — Psilocybin-Assisted Physical Therapy in Chronic Low Back Pain (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Saffron Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Crocin has potential for use as a therapuetic strategy in the treatment…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Cannabidiol Natural product Human Study The use of cannabidiol in patients with low back pain caused by lumbar…	Food compound	Approved	Emerging	2	2 trials 2 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04726579 — CBD Oil in Mechanical Back Pain (UNKNOWN) NCT03891264 — Investigation of Cannabidiol for Reduction of NeuroInflammation in Chronic Back Pain (TERMINATED) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Cgs-15943 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Neca Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Terazosin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Yohimbine Natural product Baroreflex sensitivity associated hypoalgesia in healthy states is alte… The relationship between resting blood pressure and acute pain sensitiv…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Indoramin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Phentolamine Natural product Slowly developing placebo responses confound tests of intravenous phent…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Prazosin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Zm-241385 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Tamsulosin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Clonidine Natural product Transforaminal epidural clonidine versus corticosteroid for acute lumbo… A double-blind comparison between epidural morphine and epidural clonid…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Apraclonidine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Doxazosin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Mianserin Natural product Analgesic Efficacy and Tolerability of Amitriptyline versus Mianserin i… Clomipramine and mianserin in chronic idiopathic pain syndrome. A place…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Akuammigine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Rauwolscine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Corynantheine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Oxymetazoline Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nifedipine Natural product Anorectal fissures: an under-recognized cause of low back pain? Case re…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
1,3-DIPROPYL-8-CYCLOPENTYLXANTHINE [Dpcpx] Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
8-PHENYL Theophylline Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Namodenoson Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Atipamezole Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Vancomycin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Desglymidodrine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Phenylpropanolamine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Dexniguldipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Niguldipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
4,5-dichlorobenzene-1,3-disulfonamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Methazolamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Acetazolamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ethoxzolamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Benzolamide Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Topiramate Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Nitrendipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Verapamil Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Hydroquinone Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Homeopathic Medicine: All Natural product Human Study A homeopathic complex with physiotherapy could significantly improve sy… Human Study A homeopathic drug combination can improve the treatment of chronic low… Human Study Homeopathic treatment is an effective treatment for low back pain in ad…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Palmitoylethanolamide Natural product Human Study Combination of rehabilitative therapy with ultramicronized palmitoyleth… Human Study Palmitoylethanolamide may be an innovative therapeutic intervention as…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Vitamin B12: Methylcobalamin Natural product Human Study The present study shows that vitamin-D supplementation can improve the… Human Study This combination of natural substances has potential to improve pain an… Review Methylcobalamin the activated form of vitamin B-12 is a potential pain…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Bee Venom Natural product Human Study Bee venom acupuncture could improve bothersomeness, pain intensity, fun…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Comfrey Natural product Human Study Comfrey root extract showed a remarkably potent and clinically relevant…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Gamma-Linoleic Acid (GLA) Natural product Human Study Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and gamma-linolenic acid (G…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Lavender Natural product Human Study Relaxation acupoint stimulation and acupressure with aromatic lavender…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Myrrh Natural product Human Study The effects of massage with frankincense and myrrh oil in chronic low b…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Flavonoids Natural product Animal Study Icariin ameliorates lower back pain.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Icariin Natural product Animal Study Icariin ameliorates lower back pain.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Wogonin Natural product Animal Study Wogonin alleviates discogenic low back pain.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Citrus Naringin Natural product In Vitro Study Naringin and naringenin could serve as anti-inflammatory agents in the…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Naringenin Natural product In Vitro Study Naringin and naringenin could serve as anti-inflammatory agents in the…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Mineral Water Natural product Human Study Effects of photobiomodulation and deep water running in patients with c…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

Disease overview

Remission & chronicity

Alterations

Therapeutics

Natural Products

Part of the Open Source Medicine Foundation Network