Disease overview

Alterations

156

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

333

Via biomarker

164

Natural agents

Natural products

101

Merged ranked

505

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, OSMF Chronic Disease Review, PubMed MeSH, PubMed Literature · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Effectively zero — airflow obstruction is irreversible by definition in COPD; FEV1 decline continues at 30-60 mL/year on standard care

Best-intervention remission

Smoking cessation slows FEV1 decline to near-normal aging rate (the only intervention that does this); lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) improves FEV1 15-20% in selected emphysema patients; 52% of COPD patients achieve clinically meaningful improvement after pulmonary rehabilitation

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large for disease modification (smoking cessation the only real lever); moderate for functional outcomes (pulmonary rehab underused)

Primary barrier

biological + practice

Barrier detail: Biological limit: structural lung damage is not reversible with any current pharmacotherapy. Practice gap: pulmonary rehabilitation achieves clinically meaningful improvement in 52% of patients but fewer than 2% of eligible COPD patients in the US receive it. 26% of patients with a COPD diagnosis have no evidence of airflow obstruction on spirometry (misdiagnosed, overtreated)

Last SoC change: 2024 — GOLD report added dupilumab for Type 2 inflammation subgroup (eosinophilic COPD); triple therapy (LABA/LAMA/ICS) endpoint data (IMPACT, ETHOS trials 2018-2020); LABA/LAMA dual bronchodilation as backbone unchanged since ~2006

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005002 · MESH: D029424 · UMLS_CUI: C0024117

Alterations

156 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Abnormal cardiovascular system morphology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormal respiratory system physiology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of exocrine pancreas physiology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Abnormality of immune system physiology	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Acute infectious pneumonia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Asymmetry of the thorax	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Atelectasis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Bronchial cartilage hypoplasia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Bronchiectasis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cachexia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chest pain	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chronic bronchitis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Chronic pulmonary obstruction	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Clubbing	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cough	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Crackles	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Cyanosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Dyspnea	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Elevated sweat chloride	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Emphysema	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Failure to thrive	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Feeding difficulties	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Fever	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Foam cells	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Halitosis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hemoptysis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hyperpolarized transepithelial nasal potential difference	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hypoxemia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Immunodeficiency	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Mediastinal shift	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Myocardial infarction	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Neoplasm of the lung	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Productive cough	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Recurrent Haemophilus influenzae infections	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Recurrent bronchiolitis	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Recurrent respiratory infections	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Reduced FEV1/FVC ratio	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Respiratory distress	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Respiratory tract infection	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Rhonchi	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Tachycardia	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Wheezing	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ADAM19 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 19	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADAMTSL3 ADAMTS like 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADCY5 adenylate cyclase 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADGRG6 adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA1 adenosine A1 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA2A adenosine A2a receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA2B adenosine A2b receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA3 adenosine A3 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRB2 adrenoceptor beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AFAP1 actin filament associated protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AGR2 anterior gradient 2, protein disulphide isomerase family member	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ALDH2 aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AMZ1 archaelysin family metallopeptidase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
APOE apolipoprotein E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARMC2 armadillo repeat containing 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ASAP2 ArfGAP with SH3 domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BTC betacellulin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1D calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1H calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 H	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1S calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 S	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D3 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CADM2 cell adhesion molecule 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CASZ1 castor zinc finger 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCDC69 coiled-coil domain containing 69	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDC123 cell division cycle 123	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CELF4 CUGBP Elav-like family member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CEP164 centrosomal protein 164	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CFTR CF transmembrane conductance regulator	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM1 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM2 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM3 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM4 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRM5 cholinergic receptor muscarinic 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNA2 cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 2 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNA3 cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNA4 cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNA5 cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 5 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNB2 cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 2 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CHRNB4 cholinergic receptor nicotinic beta 4 subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COL15A1 collagen type XV alpha 1 chain	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CTSC cathepsin C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Change From Baseline in Basophils	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change From Baseline in Eosinophils	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change From Baseline in Heart Rate	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change From Baseline in Lymphocytes	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change From Baseline in Monocytes	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change From Baseline in Neutrophils	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change From Baseline in QT Interval	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
DNAH11 dynein axonemal heavy chain 11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNAH5 dynein axonemal heavy chain 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNAI1 dynein axonemal intermediate chain 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DNAI2 dynein axonemal intermediate chain 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ELANE elastase, neutrophil expressed	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ELAVL2 ELAV like RNA binding protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FAM13A family with sequence similarity 13 member A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FEV1 AUC0-6 at Day 85	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
FGF10 fibroblast growth factor 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FTO FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FVC AUC0-6 at Day 1	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
GC GC vitamin D binding protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GLIS3 GLIS family zinc finger 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GYPE glycophorin E (MNS blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HHIP hedgehog interacting protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HSPA1A heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HSPA1B heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HSPA1L heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1 like	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ID4 inhibitor of DNA binding 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL1RL1 interleukin 1 receptor like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL33 interleukin 33	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL5 interleukin 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL5RA interleukin 5 receptor subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ITGB8 integrin subunit beta 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MAML3 mastermind like transcriptional coactivator 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MTCL1 microtubule crosslinking factor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NFIB nuclear factor I B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NFKB2 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NPNT nephronectin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PBX3 PBX homeobox 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE3A phosphodiesterase 3A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE3B phosphodiesterase 3B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4A phosphodiesterase 4A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4B phosphodiesterase 4B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4C phosphodiesterase 4C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PDE4D phosphodiesterase 4D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PIK3CD phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PIK3R1 phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PITX2 paired like homeodomain 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Percentage of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation During the On-treatment Period	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
RARB retinoic acid receptor beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RREB1 ras responsive element binding protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCGB1A1 secretoglobin family 1A member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN5A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCNN1A sodium channel epithelial 1 subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCNN1B sodium channel epithelial 1 subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCNN1G sodium channel epithelial 1 subunit gamma	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SERPINA1 serpin family A member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TET2 tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TGFB2 transforming growth factor beta 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TGFB3 transforming growth factor beta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TGFBR1 transforming growth factor beta receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TGFBR2 transforming growth factor beta receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
THSD4 thrombospondin type 1 domain containing 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMEM170B transmembrane protein 170B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNF tumor necrosis factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNRC6A trinucleotide repeat containing adaptor 6A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNS1 tensin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TSLP thymic stromal lymphopoietin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TWIST2 twist family bHLH transcription factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Weekly Mean Morning Pre-dose PEFRs	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
arterial blood oxygen partial pressure (PaO2)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
venous blood oxygen partial pressure (PvO2)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, merged ranking, and clinical trial / literature evidence (top agents)

From opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease — Herbal medicine for COPD. Candidates for further study, not approved treatments.

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 7 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03177837 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Exercise Performance in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01499485 — Treatment of Metabolic Alkalosis With Acetazolamide. Effect on the Length of Mechanical Ventilation. (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03540901 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Lung Water Content by Ultrasound in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03165890 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Cognition in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03177850 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Sleep Related Breathing Disturbances in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03156231 — Effect Of Acetazolamide On Altitude Related Illness In Patients With Respiratory Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04913389 — Acetazolamide to Prevent Impending Altitude-illness in Patients With COPD (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT01627639 — Effectiveness of Acetazolamide for Reversal of Metabolic Alkalosis in Mechanically Ventilated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Acetazolamide for metabolic alkalosis complicating respiratory failure with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a systematic review (Thorax, 2023) Cochrane review Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for hypercapnic ventilatory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2001) Meta-analysis High altitudes and partial pressure of arterial oxygen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - A systematic review and meta-analysis (Pulmonology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Nocturnal cerebral oxygenation in patients with COPD at altitude: data from a randomized clinical trial of acetazolamide (Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Acetazolamide to Prevent Adverse Altitude Effects in COPD and Healthy Adults (NEJM evidence, 2022) Clinical trial publication Effects of early administration of acetazolamide on the duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or obesity-hypoventilation syndrome with metabolic alkalosis. A randomized trial (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2017) Clinical trial publication Effect of Acetazolamide vs Placebo on Duration of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Among Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2016) Clinical trial publication Acetazolamide improves oxygenation in patients with respiratory failure and metabolic alkalosis (The clinical respiratory journal, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIPROFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 7 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01072942 — To Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pulmonary Deposition, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ciprofloxacin Inhale in Japanese Patients With Moderate to Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD, GOLD II-III) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03262142 — Targeted AntiBiotics for Chronic Pulmonary Diseases (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT02300220 — Targeted Retreatment of COPD Exacerbations (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00097773 — Comparison of Two Treatment Regimens to Reduce PA Infection in Children With Cystic Fibrosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02171338 — Procalcitonin as a Marker of Antibiotic Therapy in Patients With Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01052298 — Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Ciprofloxacin in Patients With Mild to Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT04879030 — Combination Antibiotic Therapy Compared to Monotherapy in the Treatment of Acute COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00153634 — Standard vs. Biofilm Susceptibility Testing in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Antibiotics for treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2017) Clinical trial publication Targeted AntiBiotics for Chronic pulmonary diseases (TARGET ABC): can targeted antibiotic therapy improve the prognosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected patients with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, and asthma? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label trial (Trials, 2022) Clinical trial publication Targeted Retreatment of Incompletely Recovered Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations with Ciprofloxacin. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter, Phase III Clinical Trial (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2020) Clinical trial publication Ciprofloxacin Dry Powder for Inhalation in Patients with Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and in Healthy Volunteers (Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery, 2017) Clinical trial publication Echinacea purpurea along with zinc, selenium and vitamin C to alleviate exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a randomized controlled trial (Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2011) Clinical trial publication Standard versus newer antibacterial agents in the treatment of severe acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus ciprofloxacin (Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	105	8 trials 7 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 22 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05374629 — Study on the Effect of Smoking Cessation in COPD Patients After Shared Decision Making Intervention (COMPLETED) NA NCT04043728 — Addressing Psychological Risk Factors Underlying Smoking Persistence in COPD Patients: The Fresh Start Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT02612389 — Meditative Movement for COPD Symptoms in Non-Smoking Flight Attendants (COMPLETED) NA NCT02892396 — Influence of Electronic Cigarettes in the Evaluation of the Inflammatory Response in Patients With a Diagnosis of COPD (COMPLETED) NCT05919511 — Observational Study for Patients at Risk for Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (RECRUITING) NCT05610514 — Pulmonary and Cardiac Effects of E-Cigarette Use in Pulmonary Patients Who Smoke Cigarettes (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02148445 — Smoking Cessation Versus Long-term Nicotine Replacement Among High-risk Smokers (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04223362 — PICk-UP: PersonalIsed CommUnity-based Physical Activities for Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review The effectiveness of theory-based smoking cessation interventions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis (BMC public health, 2023) Cochrane review Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016) Cochrane review Smoking cessation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis (Ontario health technology assessment series, 2012) Cochrane review [Smoking cessation with special focus on primary health care] (Ugeskrift for laeger, 2009) Cochrane review Grey lungs and blue moods: smoking cessation in the context of lifetime depression history (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2004) Meta-analysis Assessing the impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Respiratory medicine, 2025) Meta-analysis Tar level of cigarettes smoked and risk of smoking-related diseases (Inhalation toxicology, 2018) Meta-analysis Multiple independent loci at chromosome 15q25.1 affect smoking quantity: a meta-analysis and comparison with lung cancer and COPD (PLoS genetics, 2010) Systematic review Systematic review of the evidence relating FEV1 decline to giving up smoking (BMC medicine, 2010) Systematic review The efficacy of smoking cessation strategies in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a systematic review (Respiratory medicine, 2004) Clinical trial publication Impact of the POPulation Medicine Multimorbidity Intervention in Xishui County (POPMIX) on people at high risk for COPD who smoke: protocol for the POPMIX-Smoking cluster randomised controlled trial (BMJ open, 2026) Clinical trial publication Cardiopulmonary effects of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACLIDINIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUTEROL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 3 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 69 Trial pubs 60 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00400153 — Respimat® Combivent Trial in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02126839 — A Chronic-Dose Safety and Efficacy Study of Albuterol Multi-Dose Dry Powder Inhaler in Pediatric Asthmatics (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01302587 — A Study to Evaluate the Integrated Dose Counter on an Albuterol Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) (COMPLETED) NCT03170232 — A Pilot Study of Danirixin for Disease Progression in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02576626 — Single Dose Ultibro Breezhaler by Sd-DPI Versus Ipratropium/Salbutamol by Nebulizer in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01005901 — A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of NVA237 Versus Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01154127 — Effect of NVA237 on Exercise Endurance in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00379028 — Airway Clearance Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Umeclidinium Plus Vilanterol Versus Placebo, Umeclidinium, or Vilanterol Monotherapies for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Clinical drug investigation, 2016) Cochrane review Heliox for treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2002) Cochrane review Inhaled short-acting beta2-agonists versus ipratropium for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2001) Meta-analysis Impact of prior and concurrent medication on exacerbation risk with long-acting bronchodilators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a post hoc analysis (Respiratory research, 2019) Meta-analysis Bronchodilator efficacy and safety of indacaterol 150 μg once daily in patients with COPD: an analysis of pooled data (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2011) Clinical trial publication Albuterol Digihaler in COPD Disease Management: A Real-World Study to Assess Digihaler Inhalation Parameters, Thresholds and Their Use to Identify Deterioration in Clinical Practice (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Clinical trial publication Predictive machine learning algorithm for COPD exacerbations using a digital inhaler with integrated sensors (BMJ open respiratory research, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effect of twice daily inhaled albuterol on cardiopulmonary exercise outcomes, dynamic hyperinflation, and symptoms in secondhand tobacco-exposed persons with preserved spirometry and air trapping: a randomized controlled trial (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication The Effect of Albuterol Spray on Hypoxia and Bronchospasm in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) under General Anesthesia: A bouble-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial (Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 2023) Clinical trial publication Improvements in lung function with budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler versus dual therapies in patients with COPD: a sub-study of the ETHOS trial (Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 2021) Randomized controlled trial Efficacy and Safety of Once-Daily Inhaled Umeclidinium in Asian Patients with COPD: Results from a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Nebulized heparin and salbutamol versus salbutamol alone in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring mechanical ventilation: a double-blind randomized controlled trial (Korean journal of anesthesiology, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUTEROL SULFATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 6 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00400153 — Respimat® Combivent Trial in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02126839 — A Chronic-Dose Safety and Efficacy Study of Albuterol Multi-Dose Dry Powder Inhaler in Pediatric Asthmatics (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01302587 — A Study to Evaluate the Integrated Dose Counter on an Albuterol Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) (COMPLETED) NCT03170232 — A Pilot Study of Danirixin for Disease Progression in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02576626 — Single Dose Ultibro Breezhaler by Sd-DPI Versus Ipratropium/Salbutamol by Nebulizer in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01005901 — A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of NVA237 Versus Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01154127 — Effect of NVA237 on Exercise Endurance in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00379028 — Airway Clearance Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Albuterol Digihaler in COPD Disease Management: A Real-World Study to Assess Digihaler Inhalation Parameters, Thresholds and Their Use to Identify Deterioration in Clinical Practice (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Clinical trial publication Development of a novel digital breath-activated inhaler: Initial particle size characterization and clinical testing (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2018) Clinical trial publication Prospective, open-label assessment of albuterol sulfate hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler with new integrated dose counter (Allergy and asthma proceedings, 2013) Clinical trial publication Randomized controlled trial of a breath-activated nebulizer in patients with exacerbation of COPD (Respiratory care, 2012) Clinical trial publication Lack of protective effect of tiotropium vs induced dynamic hyperinflation in moderate COPD (Respiratory medicine, 2011) Randomized controlled trial A double-blind crossover study comparing the safety and efficacy of three weeks of Flu/Sal 250/50 bid plus albuterol 180 ug prn q4 hours to Flu/Sal 250/50 bid plus albuterol/Ipratropium bromide 2 puffs prn q4 hours in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 4 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01361984 — Sunovion Brovana Versus Serevent Inspiratory Capacity High Resolution Computed Tomography (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01391559 — Efficacy of Inhaling Bronchodilator Medications in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT00846287 — Assessment of Arformoterol for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Using Hyperpolarized 3He MRI (COMPLETED) NA NCT00424528 — Efficacy Safety Study of Arformoterol/Tiotropium Combination Versus Either Therapy Alone in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00571428 — Efficacy Safety Study of Arformoterol QD Dosing Versus BID Dosing in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00064402 — Determine the Safety and Efficacy of (R,R)-Formoterol in the Treatment of Subjects With COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00685529 — Study of Arformoterol Tartrate Inhalation Solution and Racemic Formoterol in Subjects With Mild to Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00685841 — A Pivotal Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Arformoterol in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication Health Status of Patients with Moderate to Severe COPD after Treatment with Nebulized Arformoterol Tartrate or Placebo for 1 Year (Clinical therapeutics, 2017) Clinical trial publication One-year safety and efficacy study of arformoterol tartrate in patients with moderate to severe COPD (Chest, 2014) Clinical trial publication A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study comparing arformoterol tartrate inhalation solution and racemic formoterol dry powder inhaler in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2008) Clinical trial publication Nebulized arformoterol in patients with COPD: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled trial (Clinical therapeutics, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 8 Cochrane 11 Meta-analysis 39 Trial pubs 35 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04069312 — Roflumilast or Azithromycin to Prevent COPD Exacerbations (RELIANCE) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00323986 — Azithromycin Treatment of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Tracheostomy (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02205255 — BACE Trial Substudy 2 - FarmEc Substudy (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07436104 — Mortality Control Program for Economically Productive Age Group in Tribal Area of Melghat. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03657342 — Efficacy + Safety of Liposome Cyclosporine A to Treat Bronchiolitis Obliterans Post Single Lung Transplant (BOSTON-1) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00132860 — Prophylactic Antibiotic Treatment of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00254566 — A Trial To Evaluate Two Antibiotics For The Treatment Of Acute Exacerbation Of Chronic Bronchitis (AECB) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01071161 — The Effect of Azithromycin in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Chronic Productive Cough (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiotic Intervention of Lower Airway Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonization in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (COPD, 2025) Cochrane review Prophylactic antibiotics for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2021) Cochrane review Head-to-head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Cochrane review Long-term macrolide treatment for the prevention of acute exacerbations in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2018) Cochrane review Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018) Meta-analysis The Effect of Long-Term Azithromycin on Objective and Subjective Cough in Chronic Respiratory Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials and Noncomparative Studies (Lung, 2024) Meta-analysis 2023 Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline on Pharmacotherapy in Patients With Stable COPD (Chest, 2023) Meta-analysis Serum IgG Levels and Risk of COPD Hospitalization: A Pooled Meta-analysis (Chest, 2020) Clinical trial publication Identifying azithromycin responders with an individual treatment effect model in COPD (Thorax, 2025) Clinical trial publication Epigenetic marker of telomeric age is associated with exacerbations and hospitalizations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Respiratory research, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effect of Once-Weekly Azithromycin vs Placebo in Children With HIV-Associated Chronic Lung Disease: The BREATHE Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA network open, 2020) Clinical trial publication Prevalence and abundance of selected genes conferring macrolide resistance genes in COPD patients during maintenance treatment with azithromycin (Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUDESONIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUTICASONE FUROATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 6 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 96 Trial pubs 88 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00929851 — BDP/FF Versus Formoterol Fumarate (FF) in Patients With Severe COPD (Lung Function and Exacerbation Rate) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01555099 — Multi-centre Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of AZD5423 in COPD Patients on a Background Therapy of Formoterol (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02347072 — 24-hour Lung Function in Subjects With Moderate to Very Severe COPD After Treatment With PT003, Open-Label Spiriva® Respimat® as an Active Control, and Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02497001 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, 24-Week, Chronic-Dosing, Multi-Center Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of PT010, PT003, and PT009 Compared With Symbicort® Turbuhaler® (Kronos) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07103642 — EXACERBATIONS AND REAL-WORLD OUTOMES AMONG PATIENTS WITH COPD INITIATING BREZTRI (EROS+CP Japan Study) (COMPLETED) NCT00379028 — Airway Clearance Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04320342 — A Study Comparing Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of the Fixed Dose Triple Combination CHF 5993 With the Fixed Dose Dual Combination CHF 1535 in Subjects With COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01656005 — Beta Blocker Therapy in Moderate to Severe COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy of single-inhaler triple therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Safety and efficacy of budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate compared with glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate for the treatment of COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA, 2026) Cochrane review The Efficacy and Safety of Budesonide/Glycopyrronium/Formoterol in the Treatment of COPD in the Elderly (Contrast media & molecular imaging, 2022) Cochrane review A review of the efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate/formoterol fixed-dose combination (Expert review of respiratory medicine, 2022) Cochrane review A comparison of the efficacy and safety of combined aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis (Medicine, 2020) Meta-analysis Real-World Effectiveness of Triple Extrafine Fixed-Dose Combination with Beclomethasone/Formoterol/Glycopyrronium on Symptoms and Lung Function in COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Meta-analysis Mortality risk reduction with budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate versus fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol in COPD: a matching-adjusted indirect comparison based on ETHOS and IMPACT (Current medical research and opinion, 2023) Meta-analysis Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) Triple Therapy Compared with Other Therapies for the Treatment of COPD: A Network Meta-Analysis (Advances in therapy, 2022) Clinical trial publication Effectiveness and Safety of Glycopyrronium-Formoterol-Budesonide Triple Therapy in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AIR-FORCE): An Open-Label Multi-Centric Phase 4 Study (Advances in respiratory medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Frequent productive cough in COPD relates to exacerbation risk and treatment benefit from budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate: a post hoc analysis of KRONOS (Respiratory medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Step up to triple therapy versus switch to dual bronchodilator therapy in patients with COPD on an inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β(2)-agonist: post-hoc analyses of KRONOS (Respiratory research, 2025) Clinical trial publication Triple Therapy with Budesonide/Glycopyrronium/Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate versus Dual Therapies for Patients with COPD and Phenotypic Features of Asthma: A Pooled Post Hoc Analysis of KRONOS and ETHOS (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 1 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 19 Trial pubs 19 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02233543 — A Multicenter, 4-week Crossover (Total Duration 12 Weeks) to Determine the Impact of QVA149 on Nocturnal Oxygen Levels in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02347072 — 24-hour Lung Function in Subjects With Moderate to Very Severe COPD After Treatment With PT003, Open-Label Spiriva® Respimat® as an Active Control, and Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01005901 — A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of NVA237 Versus Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01154127 — Effect of NVA237 on Exercise Endurance in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04606901 — Comparison of Time to Extubation Using Sugammadex or Neostigmine (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04320342 — A Study Comparing Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of the Fixed Dose Triple Combination CHF 5993 With the Fixed Dose Dual Combination CHF 1535 in Subjects With COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03084796 — A 6-week Dose Ranging Study of CHF 5259 pMDI in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02196714 — PK Study of PT003 and PT001 in Japanese Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy of single-inhaler triple therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2026) Meta-analysis Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) Triple Therapy Compared with Other Therapies for the Treatment of COPD: A Network Meta-Analysis (Advances in therapy, 2022) Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Budesonide/Glycopyrronium/Formoterol Fumarate versus Other Triple Combinations in COPD: A Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-analysis (Advances in therapy, 2021) Meta-analysis Role of combined indacaterol and glycopyrronium bromide (QVA149) for the treatment of COPD in Japan (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2015) Meta-analysis Comparative efficacy of long-acting bronchodilators for COPD: a network meta-analysis (Respiratory research, 2013) Systematic review Clinical benefit of fixed-dose dual bronchodilation with glycopyrronium and indacaterol once daily in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2014) Systematic review Once-daily glycopyrronium bromide, a long-acting muscarinic antagonist, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review of clinical benefit (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2012) Clinical trial publication Ethnic Sensitivity Study of the Extrafine, Single-Inhaler, Triple Therapy Beclomethasone Dipropionate, Formoterol Fumarate, and Glycopyrronium Bromide Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler in Japanese and Caucasian Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Single-Dose Crossover Study (Clinical therapeutics, 2021) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Glycopyrronium Bromide in COPD: A Randomized, Parallel Group, Dose-Ranging Study (GLIMMER) (COPD, 2021) Clinical trial publication Evaluation of systemic absorption and bronchodilator effect of glycopyrronium bromide delivered by nebulizer or a dry powder inhaler in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Respiratory research, 2019) Clinical trial publication Dose-response of an extrafine dry powder inhaler formulation of glycopyrronium bromide: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study (GlycoNEXT) (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2018) Clinical trial publication Dual Bronchodilation with Indacaterol Maleate/Glycopyrronium Bromide Compared with Umeclidinium Bromide/Vilanterol in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe COPD: Results from Two Randomized, Controlled, Cross-over Studies (Lung, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL MALEATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 4 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03379233 — A Randomized Study to Evaluate the Effect of Reminder Notifications and Motivational/Adaptive Messaging on Treatment Adherence (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02487446 — Efficacy and Safety Study of QVA149 in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01437748 — Closing Volume Interpretation and Bronchodilators Effect (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00636961 — An Exploratory Study, to Assess the Effect of Repeat-dose Inhaled Indacaterol Maleate (300 μg) on Dynamic and Static Lung Hyperinflation, Subjective Breathlessness and Health Status in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02125734 — Lung Function and Patient Preference With QVA149 vs. Tiotropium in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01529632 — Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of the Combination Product QVA149A Against the Concurrent Administration of the Individual Components, QAB149 and NVA237, in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07541378 — Comparative Efficacy of Once-daily LAMA/LABA Combinations Versus Tiotropium on Constant-work-rate Cycle Endurance in COPD (SUSPENDED) NA NCT02442206 — Effect of QVA149 (Indacaterol Maleate/Glycopyrronium Bromide) on Cardiac Function in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Bioequivalence studies of inhaled indacaterol maleate in healthy Chinese volunteers under gastrointestinal non-blocking or blocking with concomitant charcoal administration (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2020) Clinical trial publication Dual Bronchodilation with Indacaterol Maleate/Glycopyrronium Bromide Compared with Umeclidinium Bromide/Vilanterol in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe COPD: Results from Two Randomized, Controlled, Cross-over Studies (Lung, 2017) Clinical trial publication Indacaterol and glycopyrronium versus indacaterol on body plethysmography measurements in COPD-a randomised controlled study (Respiratory research, 2017) Clinical trial publication The effect of indacaterol during an acute exacerbation of COPD (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 11 Cochrane 9 Meta-analysis 85 Trial pubs 73 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00400153 — Respimat® Combivent Trial in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02232594 — Postmarketing Surveillance Study of Berodual® Metered-dose Inhaler in Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Tract Disease (COMPLETED) NCT03170232 — A Pilot Study of Danirixin for Disease Progression in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02576626 — Single Dose Ultibro Breezhaler by Sd-DPI Versus Ipratropium/Salbutamol by Nebulizer in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02182856 — Ipratropium or Salbutamol Sulphate Alone or Combination Therapy Salbutamol and Ipratropium in Patients With COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00359788 — A Trial Comparing Treatment With Tiotropium Inhalation Capsules to Combivent Inhalation Aerosol in COPD Patients. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03405090 — Differential Mechanisms of Dyspnea Relief in Advanced COPD: Opiates vs. Bronchodilators (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00274040 — Comparison of Tiotropium and Ipratropium in a Double-Blind, Double-dummy, Efficacy and Safety Study in Adults With COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022) Cochrane review Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Cochrane review Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Cochrane review Inhaled anticholinergics and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (JAMA, 2008) Cochrane review Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2006) Meta-analysis Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis (Thorax, 2006) Systematic review Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for cough in adults with respiratory and non-respiratory diseases: A systematic review of the literature (Respiratory medicine, 2010) Clinical trial publication Atomization efficacy of a novel micro-dose mesh nebulizer (CVS-100) versus the traditional mesh nebulizer (M102) in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized non-inferiority clinical trial (Respiratory medicine, 2023) Clinical trial publication Comparison of the efficacy of aerosol inhalation between the ipratropium bromide and terbutaline on the patients with AECOPD (Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2019) Clinical trial publication Development of a novel digital breath-activated inhaler: Initial particle size characterization and clinical testing (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2018) Clinical trial publication Nebulized Terbutaline and Ipratropium Bromide Versus Terbutaline Alone in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Requiring Noninvasive Ventilation: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Trial (Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2019) Clinical trial publication The effect of ventilator mask atomization inhalation of ipratropium bromide and budesonide suspension liquid in the treatment of COPD in acute exacerbation period on circulating levels of inflammation and prognosis (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	7 trials 11 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00745043 — Beta-Blocker in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT02587351 — Beta-Blockers for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT03566667 — Beta-blockers to Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00384566 — A Comparison of the Effect of Carvedilol and Metoprolol on Airways Tone in Patients With Heart Failure (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT06825728 — Metoprolol in Patients With HFrEF and COPD (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03370835 — Tolerability of Metoprolol-Succinate-ER and Carvedilol in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00288548 — Metoprolol and Formoterol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Bisoprolol in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at High Risk of Exacerbation: The BICS Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2024) Clinical trial publication Association between P-pulmonale and respiratory morbidity in COPD: a secondary analysis of the BLOCK-COPD trial (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2023) Clinical trial publication Lung Function and the Risk of Exacerbation in the β-Blockers for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Trial (Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2022) Clinical trial publication Metoprolol for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of COPD (The New England journal of medicine, 2019) Clinical trial publication Relationship between heart failure, concurrent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and beta-blocker use: a Danish nationwide cohort study (European journal of heart failure, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02799784 — An Efficacy Study of Umeclidinium/Vilanterol With Tiotropium/Olodaterol in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07267130 — A Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic Profile of TQC3302 Inhalation Spray in Healthy Adult Subjects (RECRUITING) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00311961 — Intravenous Versus Oral Administration of Prednisolone in Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06892210 — Comparing Hydrocortisone and Prednisolone for Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00920660 — Clinical Study to Assess the Effects of SRT2104 and Prednisolone on Biomarkers in Blood in Healthy Volunteers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01865500 — Two Different Dosages of Nebulized Steroid Versus Parenteral Steroid in the Management of COPD Exacerbations (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06347536 — Supported Rescue Packs Post-discharge in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00380133 — Study of SB681323 and Prednisolone on Biomarkers in COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01526850 — Efficacy and Safety Study of Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Patients With Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT02147015 — Personalized Variable Versus Fixed Dose Glucocorticoid Therapy in AECOPD (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROFLUMILAST	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 13 Cochrane 15 Meta-analysis 40 Trial pubs 35 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04069312 — Roflumilast or Azithromycin to Prevent COPD Exacerbations (RELIANCE) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02018432 — Strategy to Improve Adherence of Roflumilast (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01572948 — A Placebo-controlled Trial of Daliresp on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT00430729 — Effect of Roflumilast on Exacerbation Rate in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Ratio-Study. (BY217/M2-112) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02451540 — Evaluation of the Effect of Roflumilast in Hyperinflated COPD Patients Using Functional Respiratory Imaging (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02165826 — Evaluation of Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Roflumilast, 250μg and 500μg, as add-on to Standard COPD Treatment to Treat Severe COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01313494 — A Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Trial Investigating Roflumilast on Safety and Effectiveness in China, Hong Kong and Singapore: (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02068456 — Post Marketing Surveillance of Roflumilast in Korea (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review The Dosing Strategy to Improve Adherence to Roflumilast in Treatment for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2024) Cochrane review Effects of Roflumilast on Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treated with Inhaled Corticosteroid/Long-Acting β2 Agonist: A Meta-analysis (Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, 2022) Cochrane review Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2021) Cochrane review What conservative interventions can improve the long-term quality of life, depression, and anxiety of individuals with stable COPD? A systematic review and meta-analysis (Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 2022) Cochrane review Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020) Meta-analysis 2023 Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline on Pharmacotherapy in Patients With Stable COPD (Chest, 2023) Clinical trial publication Roflumilast May Increase Risk of Exacerbations When Used to Treat Poorly Controlled Asthma in People with Obesity (Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2023) Clinical trial publication Effects of roflumilast on arterial stiffness in COPD (ELASTIC): A randomized trial (Respirology (Carlton, Vic.), 2021) Clinical trial publication Adherence to roflumilast under dose-escalation strategy in Korean patients with COPD (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2019) Clinical trial publication Mucociliary Clearance in Former Tobacco Smokers with Both Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Bronchitis and the Effect of Roflumilast (Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery, 2019) Clinical trial publication Anti-inflammatory effects of roflumilast in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ROBERT): a 16-week, randomised, placebo-controlled trial (The Lancet. Respiratory medicine, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 10 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 44 Trial pubs 40 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01462929 — Efficacy and Safety of Aclidinium Bromide 400 µg Compared to Placebo and to Tiotropium Bromide in Patients With Stable Moderate to Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05161156 — Bioequivalence Study of Tiotropium Bromide Inhalation Powder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05748977 — Short Acting Agents Vs Long Acting in Frequent Excerbator COPD Patients (UNKNOWN) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT01465906 — Efficacy and Safety of Tulobuterol Patch Combined With Tiotropium Bromide for Relieving Dyspnea Symptom of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00168844 — Tiotropium / Respimat One-Year Study (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02347072 — 24-hour Lung Function in Subjects With Moderate to Very Severe COPD After Treatment With PT003, Open-Label Spiriva® Respimat® as an Active Control, and Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01656005 — Beta Blocker Therapy in Moderate to Severe COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03084796 — A 6-week Dose Ranging Study of CHF 5259 pMDI in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review [Systematic review and Meta-analysis on efficacy and safety of Buzhong Yiqi Decoction for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease] (Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2020) Cochrane review Comparative mortality risk of tiotropium administered via handihaler or respimat in COPD patients: are they equivalent? (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2014) Cochrane review Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta2-agonist versus tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Cochrane review Tiotropium versus long-acting beta-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012) Cochrane review The cardiovascular risk of tiotropium: is it real? (Expert opinion on drug safety, 2010) Meta-analysis Long-acting muscarinic antagonists vs. long-acting β 2 agonists in COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia, 2017) Meta-analysis Comparative efficacy of long-acting bronchodilators for COPD: a network meta-analysis (Respiratory research, 2013) Meta-analysis Tiotropium and risk for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review with meta-analysis (Respiratory medicine, 2009) Clinical trial publication A multicenter randomized controlled trial and metabolomics exploration of Traditional Chinese Medicine pattern-based therapy for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan, 2026) Clinical trial publication A placebo-controlled, crossover trial to investigate the efficacy of tiotropium bromide or placebo added to usual care in stable symptomatic post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) (Trials, 2024) Clinical trial publication Tiotropium Bromide Attenuates Mucus Hypersecretion in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, 2021) Clinical trial publication Pharmacokinetics and safety of tiotropium+olodaterol 5 μg/5 μg fixed-dose combination in Chinese patients with COPD (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
UMECLIDINIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 1 Cochrane 7 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01313637 — A 24-week Evaluation of GSK573719/Vilanterol (125/25mcg) and Components in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03949842 — Legend: TRELEGY Real World Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Effectiveness Study (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT05127304 — A Study Using US Medical and Pharmacy Claim Records to Compare the Resource Use, Cost, and Outcomes of People With COPD Who Take Either Tiotropium + Olodaterol or Fluticasone + Umeclidinium + Vilanterol (COMPLETED) NCT01372410 — A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Incomplete Block, Crossover, Dose Ranging Study to Evaluate the Dose Response of GSK573719 Administered Once or Twice Daily Over 7 Days in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01822899 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Umeclidinium Bromide/Vilanterol Compared With Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol Over 12 Weeks in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03474081 — A Comparative Study Between Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) Single Inhaler Triple Therapy Versus Tiotropium Monotherapy in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02487446 — Efficacy and Safety Study of QVA149 in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00515502 — Safety Study Using GSK573719 And Tiotropium In Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Umeclidinium bromide versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Clinical trial publication Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Fluticasone Furoate, Umeclidinium Bromide, and Vilanterol in Patients with Asthma, Using Data from a Phase IIIA Study (CAPTAIN) (Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2021) Clinical trial publication Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium Bromide/Vilanterol in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2020) Clinical trial publication Cost-effectiveness analysis of umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol 62.5/25 mcg versus tiotropium/olodaterol 5/5 mcg in symptomatic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Spanish National Healthcare System perspective (Respiratory research, 2018) Clinical trial publication Dual Bronchodilation with Indacaterol Maleate/Glycopyrronium Bromide Compared with Umeclidinium Bromide/Vilanterol in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe COPD: Results from Two Randomized, Controlled, Cross-over Studies (Lung, 2017) Clinical trial publication Long-term (52 weeks) safety and tolerability of umeclidinium in Japanese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Current medical research and opinion, 2016) Randomized controlled trial Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium/vilanterol 62.5/25 mcg and tiotropium 18 mcg in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of a 24-week, randomized, controlled trial (Respiratory medicine, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILANTEROL TRIFENATATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ALBUTEROL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARFORMOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOTRIMAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIENESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRIL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
INDACATEROL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOETHARINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVALBUTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPOLIZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHACHOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICARDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLODATEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRILOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRONETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROTOKYLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TERBUTALINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIDARABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL TRIFENATATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENRALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILOMILAST	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXYCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERDOSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPOLIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOMETASONE FUROATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MORPHINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXIFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZABOFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZILEUTON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+/-)NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
.ALPHA.1-PROTEINASE INHIBITOR HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUMIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AROFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASTEGOLIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOCOCIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARBEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEPEMOKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DUPILUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUTICASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCOPYRRONIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HELIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IPRATROPIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ITEPEKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVOSPEMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
L-CITRULLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOSALBUTAMOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUNSEKIMIG	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MARAVIROC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONTELUKAST SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITAZOXANIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLODATEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXITROPIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SENNA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIBENADET	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEMAZEPAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEZEPELUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOZORAKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANIMILAST	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UMECLIDINIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VARENICLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILANTEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABEDITEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMELUBANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASM-024	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-7624	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD1981	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD2423	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD3199	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD4818	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD8683	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BATEFENTEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIMAGRUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIMOSIAMOSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOSENTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBON MONOXIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARMOTEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CICLESONIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DANIRIXIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILMAPIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERYTHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK-2269557	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYALURONATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICENTICAFTOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPROST	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMD-1041	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVACAFTOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEBRIKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSMAPIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEGESTROL ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-03715455	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PH-797804	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETOMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TREPROSTINIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
XEN-D0501	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABX-IL8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACUMAPIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALVELESTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTI-PSGL-1 ANTIBODY SELK2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-1236	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-5423	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-9164	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD9056	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIO-11006	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAVOSONSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CDP840	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFIXIME	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFOTAXIME	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTAZIDIME	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1237026	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL5314358	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORHEXIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COFIRASERSEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAROTROPIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAROTROPIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXPRAMIPEXOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOCIPARSTAT SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELUBRIXIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMERAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTAPENEM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEVIPIPRANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILAMINAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISPEMIFENE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLASMACINAL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK-256066	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK2881078	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPENEM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON ALFA-2B	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON BETA-1A	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IODOCARB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-49095397	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANCOVUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRIMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM STEARATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEDI-8968	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEROPENEM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILVETEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITIPERSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-0873	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONTELUKAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MUFEMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAVAFENTEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAVARIXIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAVARIXIN ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEMIRALISIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITRIC OXIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROGLYCERIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OGLEMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PBF-680	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEMBROLIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-00489791	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-00610355	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-03635659	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPERACILLIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRX-08066	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRUVATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUERCETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RADEMIKIBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMELTEON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELDESEMTIV	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMESTEMCEL-L	Cell therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR .GAMMA.	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISPENZEPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSIPTOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SETILEUTON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLRIKITUG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
STAPOKIBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFORAPHANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TADALAFIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESTOSTERONE ENANTHATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICAGRELOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICARCILLIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILREKIMIG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOFIMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAFENTRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TPI-1020	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROSPIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UK-500001	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UK432097	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULINASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALACYCLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VAPENDAVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VELSECORAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEREKITUG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILANTEROL .ALPHA.-PHENYL CINNAMATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL401844 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FD6 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
NKY80 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANDECALIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEDORADRINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANAKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSERINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DNK333	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GISADENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOXAPINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MANNITOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROSPIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN II	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN-II	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APOCYNIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-5122	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-6553	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-8075	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BQ-123	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAMOTESKIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL30	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL64391	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CO-TRIMOXAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARIDOREXANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELBIMILAST	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEXOFENADINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FRESPACIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FREVECITINIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK159802	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK2256294	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IGMESINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAS190792	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEMBOREXANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOQUINONE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZAGREL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RANITIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESVERATROL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REVATROPATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIBAVIRIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILMAKALIM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIOCIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SCH-351591	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLIZMESTROCEL	Cell therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUVOREXANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILARGININE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIMETHOPRIM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIMNERIXIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
Astragalus membranaceus (Huang Qi) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Cordyceps sinensis OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03745261 — Effect of Yong Chong Cao Capsule on Outcomes in Patients With Mild to Severe COPD (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Oral Chinese herbal medicine combined with pharmacotherapy for stable COPD: a systematic review of effect on BODE index and six minute walk test (PloS one, 2014) Meta-analysis Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological mechanism of Bailing capsule on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis and network pharmacology (Pharmaceutical biology, 2024) Clinical trial publication The Effectiveness of Yong Chong Cao Capsule in Patients With Mild to Severe COPD: A Multi-Center, Randomized, Active-Controlled Trial (Journal of evidence-based medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Crocin (Saffron) OSMF review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	30	—	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice root) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	—	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Ivy leaf extract (Hedera helix) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	—	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
L-Carnitine OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03008356 — L-carnitine for Fatigue in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in COPD Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Clinical trial publication L-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to whole-body and respiratory muscle training programs (Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2006) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	8 trials 3 Cochrane 8 Meta-analysis 23 Trial pubs 22 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01136239 — The Effect of High Dose N-acetylcysteine on Airtrapping and Airway Resistance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03843541 — A Clinical Trial to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of 1-week Treatment of Intravenous N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 600 mg Twice Daily, Ambroxol Hydrochloride 30 mg Twice Daily and Placebo as Expectorant Therapies in Adult Chinese Patients With Respiratory Tract Diseases and Abnormal Mucus Secretions (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06152653 — The Effects of Positive Airway Pressure on the Mucolytic Effects of NAC (TEAM) (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00205647 — Study of Expectorant Activity of Oral N-acetylcystein (NAC) in Patients With Stable Chronic Bronchitis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02579772 — Effects of N-acetylcysteine on Cardiorespiratory Control in COPD Patients With Mild-to-moderate Airflow Obstruction (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04798118 — Role of Toilet Bronchoscopy in RICU (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01599884 — N-Acetylcysteine for Patients With COPD and ChronicBronchitis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00184977 — COPD on Primary Care Treatment (COOPT) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a meta-analysis (Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 2023) Cochrane review Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Annals of palliative medicine, 2021) Cochrane review Effect of high/low dose N-acetylcysteine on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (COPD, 2014) Meta-analysis N-acetylcysteine Treatment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Chronic Bronchitis/Pre-COPD: Distinct Meta-analyses (Archivos de bronconeumologia, 2024) Meta-analysis Effect of Orally Administered N-Acetylcysteine on Chronic Bronchitis: A Meta-analysis (Advances in therapy, 2019) Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety profile of mucolytic/antioxidant agents in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a comparative analysis across erdosteine, carbocysteine, and N-acetylcysteine (Respiratory research, 2019) Systematic review Impact of N-Acetylcysteine on Mucus Hypersecretion in the Airways: A Systematic Review (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2024) Systematic review The effect of N-acetylcysteine on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis and systematic review (Heart & lung : the journal of critical care, 2017) Clinical trial publication The effect of nebulized N-acetylcysteine on the phlegm of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the NEWEST study (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of propolis and N-acetylcysteine in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2022) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and Safety of N-Acetylcysteine for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Bronchitis (BioMed research international, 2022) Clinical trial publication N-Acetylcysteine Improves Inflammatory Response in COPD Patients by Regulating Th17/Treg Balance through Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Pathway (BioMed research international, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Nanocurcumin OSMF review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	30	2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in COPD Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Cochrane review The effects of various nutritional supplements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Nanocurcumin supplementation improves pulmonary function in severe COPD patients: A randomized, double blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Panax ginseng OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	1 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06326658 — Bufei Yishen Prescription on Patients With Frequent AECOPD in Stable Stage (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Oral Chinese herbal medicine combined with pharmacotherapy for stable COPD: a systematic review of effect on BODE index and six minute walk test (PloS one, 2014) Systematic review Herbal medicines for the treatment of COPD: a systematic review (The European respiratory journal, 2006) Clinical trial publication Effect of Panax Ginseng (G115) Capsules versus Placebo on Acute Exacerbations in Patients with Moderate to Very Severe COPD: A Randomized Controlled Trial (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2020) Clinical trial publication 12-month randomised controlled trial of ginseng extract for moderate COPD (Thorax, 2019) Clinical trial publication Panax ginseng C.A Meyer root extract for moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (Trials, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Resveratrol OSMF review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	30	—	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Rhodiola rosea OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Integrative therapy for lower limb venous thrombosis in patients with COPD: a trial of Rhodiola rosea polyglucoside and pulmonary rehabilitation as a synergistic combination (Respiratory medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Thymoquinone (Nigella sativa) OSMF review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	30	—	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
ACLIDINIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADERAMASTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALMITRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINO ACIDS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APREPITANT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARFORMOTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGININE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAMIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BECLOMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEPOTASTINE BESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBOCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL177	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXAPRAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENSIFENTRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROMETHOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE HYDRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCOPYRRONIUM TOSYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN GLULISINE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVCROMAKALIM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDAZOLAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALOXONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAVAFENTEROL SACCHARINATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAGEDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLATINUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINAZOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REVEFENACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTRALINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELENZEPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZARDAVERINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACLIDINIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUTEROL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 3 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 69 Trial pubs 60 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00400153 — Respimat® Combivent Trial in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02126839 — A Chronic-Dose Safety and Efficacy Study of Albuterol Multi-Dose Dry Powder Inhaler in Pediatric Asthmatics (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01302587 — A Study to Evaluate the Integrated Dose Counter on an Albuterol Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) (COMPLETED) NCT03170232 — A Pilot Study of Danirixin for Disease Progression in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02576626 — Single Dose Ultibro Breezhaler by Sd-DPI Versus Ipratropium/Salbutamol by Nebulizer in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01005901 — A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of NVA237 Versus Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01154127 — Effect of NVA237 on Exercise Endurance in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00379028 — Airway Clearance Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Umeclidinium Plus Vilanterol Versus Placebo, Umeclidinium, or Vilanterol Monotherapies for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Clinical drug investigation, 2016) Cochrane review Heliox for treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2002) Cochrane review Inhaled short-acting beta2-agonists versus ipratropium for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2001) Meta-analysis Impact of prior and concurrent medication on exacerbation risk with long-acting bronchodilators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a post hoc analysis (Respiratory research, 2019) Meta-analysis Bronchodilator efficacy and safety of indacaterol 150 μg once daily in patients with COPD: an analysis of pooled data (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2011) Clinical trial publication Albuterol Digihaler in COPD Disease Management: A Real-World Study to Assess Digihaler Inhalation Parameters, Thresholds and Their Use to Identify Deterioration in Clinical Practice (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Clinical trial publication Predictive machine learning algorithm for COPD exacerbations using a digital inhaler with integrated sensors (BMJ open respiratory research, 2025) Clinical trial publication Effect of twice daily inhaled albuterol on cardiopulmonary exercise outcomes, dynamic hyperinflation, and symptoms in secondhand tobacco-exposed persons with preserved spirometry and air trapping: a randomized controlled trial (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication The Effect of Albuterol Spray on Hypoxia and Bronchospasm in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) under General Anesthesia: A bouble-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial (Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 2023) Clinical trial publication Improvements in lung function with budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate metered dose inhaler versus dual therapies in patients with COPD: a sub-study of the ETHOS trial (Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 2021) Randomized controlled trial Efficacy and Safety of Once-Daily Inhaled Umeclidinium in Asian Patients with COPD: Results from a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2020) Randomized controlled trial Nebulized heparin and salbutamol versus salbutamol alone in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring mechanical ventilation: a double-blind randomized controlled trial (Korean journal of anesthesiology, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUTEROL SULFATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 6 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00400153 — Respimat® Combivent Trial in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02126839 — A Chronic-Dose Safety and Efficacy Study of Albuterol Multi-Dose Dry Powder Inhaler in Pediatric Asthmatics (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01302587 — A Study to Evaluate the Integrated Dose Counter on an Albuterol Hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI) (COMPLETED) NCT03170232 — A Pilot Study of Danirixin for Disease Progression in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02576626 — Single Dose Ultibro Breezhaler by Sd-DPI Versus Ipratropium/Salbutamol by Nebulizer in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01005901 — A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of NVA237 Versus Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01154127 — Effect of NVA237 on Exercise Endurance in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00379028 — Airway Clearance Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Albuterol Digihaler in COPD Disease Management: A Real-World Study to Assess Digihaler Inhalation Parameters, Thresholds and Their Use to Identify Deterioration in Clinical Practice (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Clinical trial publication Development of a novel digital breath-activated inhaler: Initial particle size characterization and clinical testing (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2018) Clinical trial publication Prospective, open-label assessment of albuterol sulfate hydrofluoroalkane metered-dose inhaler with new integrated dose counter (Allergy and asthma proceedings, 2013) Clinical trial publication Randomized controlled trial of a breath-activated nebulizer in patients with exacerbation of COPD (Respiratory care, 2012) Clinical trial publication Lack of protective effect of tiotropium vs induced dynamic hyperinflation in moderate COPD (Respiratory medicine, 2011) Randomized controlled trial A double-blind crossover study comparing the safety and efficacy of three weeks of Flu/Sal 250/50 bid plus albuterol 180 ug prn q4 hours to Flu/Sal 250/50 bid plus albuterol/Ipratropium bromide 2 puffs prn q4 hours in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 4 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01361984 — Sunovion Brovana Versus Serevent Inspiratory Capacity High Resolution Computed Tomography (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01391559 — Efficacy of Inhaling Bronchodilator Medications in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT00846287 — Assessment of Arformoterol for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Using Hyperpolarized 3He MRI (COMPLETED) NA NCT00424528 — Efficacy Safety Study of Arformoterol/Tiotropium Combination Versus Either Therapy Alone in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00571428 — Efficacy Safety Study of Arformoterol QD Dosing Versus BID Dosing in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00064402 — Determine the Safety and Efficacy of (R,R)-Formoterol in the Treatment of Subjects With COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00685529 — Study of Arformoterol Tartrate Inhalation Solution and Racemic Formoterol in Subjects With Mild to Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00685841 — A Pivotal Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Arformoterol in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication Health Status of Patients with Moderate to Severe COPD after Treatment with Nebulized Arformoterol Tartrate or Placebo for 1 Year (Clinical therapeutics, 2017) Clinical trial publication One-year safety and efficacy study of arformoterol tartrate in patients with moderate to severe COPD (Chest, 2014) Clinical trial publication A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study comparing arformoterol tartrate inhalation solution and racemic formoterol dry powder inhaler in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2008) Clinical trial publication Nebulized arformoterol in patients with COPD: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled trial (Clinical therapeutics, 2007) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 8 Cochrane 11 Meta-analysis 39 Trial pubs 35 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04069312 — Roflumilast or Azithromycin to Prevent COPD Exacerbations (RELIANCE) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00323986 — Azithromycin Treatment of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Tracheostomy (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02205255 — BACE Trial Substudy 2 - FarmEc Substudy (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07436104 — Mortality Control Program for Economically Productive Age Group in Tribal Area of Melghat. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03657342 — Efficacy + Safety of Liposome Cyclosporine A to Treat Bronchiolitis Obliterans Post Single Lung Transplant (BOSTON-1) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00132860 — Prophylactic Antibiotic Treatment of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00254566 — A Trial To Evaluate Two Antibiotics For The Treatment Of Acute Exacerbation Of Chronic Bronchitis (AECB) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01071161 — The Effect of Azithromycin in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Chronic Productive Cough (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiotic Intervention of Lower Airway Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonization in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (COPD, 2025) Cochrane review Prophylactic antibiotics for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2021) Cochrane review Head-to-head oral prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Cochrane review Long-term macrolide treatment for the prevention of acute exacerbations in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2018) Cochrane review Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2018) Meta-analysis The Effect of Long-Term Azithromycin on Objective and Subjective Cough in Chronic Respiratory Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials and Noncomparative Studies (Lung, 2024) Meta-analysis 2023 Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline on Pharmacotherapy in Patients With Stable COPD (Chest, 2023) Meta-analysis Serum IgG Levels and Risk of COPD Hospitalization: A Pooled Meta-analysis (Chest, 2020) Clinical trial publication Identifying azithromycin responders with an individual treatment effect model in COPD (Thorax, 2025) Clinical trial publication Epigenetic marker of telomeric age is associated with exacerbations and hospitalizations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Respiratory research, 2021) Clinical trial publication Effect of Once-Weekly Azithromycin vs Placebo in Children With HIV-Associated Chronic Lung Disease: The BREATHE Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA network open, 2020) Clinical trial publication Prevalence and abundance of selected genes conferring macrolide resistance genes in COPD patients during maintenance treatment with azithromycin (Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUDESONIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUTICASONE FUROATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 6 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 96 Trial pubs 88 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00929851 — BDP/FF Versus Formoterol Fumarate (FF) in Patients With Severe COPD (Lung Function and Exacerbation Rate) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01555099 — Multi-centre Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of AZD5423 in COPD Patients on a Background Therapy of Formoterol (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02347072 — 24-hour Lung Function in Subjects With Moderate to Very Severe COPD After Treatment With PT003, Open-Label Spiriva® Respimat® as an Active Control, and Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02497001 — A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, 24-Week, Chronic-Dosing, Multi-Center Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of PT010, PT003, and PT009 Compared With Symbicort® Turbuhaler® (Kronos) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07103642 — EXACERBATIONS AND REAL-WORLD OUTOMES AMONG PATIENTS WITH COPD INITIATING BREZTRI (EROS+CP Japan Study) (COMPLETED) NCT00379028 — Airway Clearance Study (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04320342 — A Study Comparing Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of the Fixed Dose Triple Combination CHF 5993 With the Fixed Dose Dual Combination CHF 1535 in Subjects With COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01656005 — Beta Blocker Therapy in Moderate to Severe COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy of single-inhaler triple therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Safety and efficacy of budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate compared with glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate for the treatment of COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA, 2026) Cochrane review The Efficacy and Safety of Budesonide/Glycopyrronium/Formoterol in the Treatment of COPD in the Elderly (Contrast media & molecular imaging, 2022) Cochrane review A review of the efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate/formoterol fixed-dose combination (Expert review of respiratory medicine, 2022) Cochrane review A comparison of the efficacy and safety of combined aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis (Medicine, 2020) Meta-analysis Real-World Effectiveness of Triple Extrafine Fixed-Dose Combination with Beclomethasone/Formoterol/Glycopyrronium on Symptoms and Lung Function in COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Meta-analysis Mortality risk reduction with budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate versus fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol in COPD: a matching-adjusted indirect comparison based on ETHOS and IMPACT (Current medical research and opinion, 2023) Meta-analysis Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) Triple Therapy Compared with Other Therapies for the Treatment of COPD: A Network Meta-Analysis (Advances in therapy, 2022) Clinical trial publication Effectiveness and Safety of Glycopyrronium-Formoterol-Budesonide Triple Therapy in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AIR-FORCE): An Open-Label Multi-Centric Phase 4 Study (Advances in respiratory medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Frequent productive cough in COPD relates to exacerbation risk and treatment benefit from budesonide/glycopyrrolate/formoterol fumarate: a post hoc analysis of KRONOS (Respiratory medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Step up to triple therapy versus switch to dual bronchodilator therapy in patients with COPD on an inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β(2)-agonist: post-hoc analyses of KRONOS (Respiratory research, 2025) Clinical trial publication Triple Therapy with Budesonide/Glycopyrronium/Formoterol Fumarate Dihydrate versus Dual Therapies for Patients with COPD and Phenotypic Features of Asthma: A Pooled Post Hoc Analysis of KRONOS and ETHOS (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 1 Cochrane 5 Meta-analysis 19 Trial pubs 19 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02233543 — A Multicenter, 4-week Crossover (Total Duration 12 Weeks) to Determine the Impact of QVA149 on Nocturnal Oxygen Levels in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02347072 — 24-hour Lung Function in Subjects With Moderate to Very Severe COPD After Treatment With PT003, Open-Label Spiriva® Respimat® as an Active Control, and Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01005901 — A Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of NVA237 Versus Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01154127 — Effect of NVA237 on Exercise Endurance in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04606901 — Comparison of Time to Extubation Using Sugammadex or Neostigmine (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04320342 — A Study Comparing Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of the Fixed Dose Triple Combination CHF 5993 With the Fixed Dose Dual Combination CHF 1535 in Subjects With COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03084796 — A 6-week Dose Ranging Study of CHF 5259 pMDI in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02196714 — PK Study of PT003 and PT001 in Japanese Healthy Subjects (COMPLETED) PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy of single-inhaler triple therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2026) Meta-analysis Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) Triple Therapy Compared with Other Therapies for the Treatment of COPD: A Network Meta-Analysis (Advances in therapy, 2022) Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Budesonide/Glycopyrronium/Formoterol Fumarate versus Other Triple Combinations in COPD: A Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-analysis (Advances in therapy, 2021) Meta-analysis Role of combined indacaterol and glycopyrronium bromide (QVA149) for the treatment of COPD in Japan (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2015) Meta-analysis Comparative efficacy of long-acting bronchodilators for COPD: a network meta-analysis (Respiratory research, 2013) Systematic review Clinical benefit of fixed-dose dual bronchodilation with glycopyrronium and indacaterol once daily in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2014) Systematic review Once-daily glycopyrronium bromide, a long-acting muscarinic antagonist, for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review of clinical benefit (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2012) Clinical trial publication Ethnic Sensitivity Study of the Extrafine, Single-Inhaler, Triple Therapy Beclomethasone Dipropionate, Formoterol Fumarate, and Glycopyrronium Bromide Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler in Japanese and Caucasian Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Single-Dose Crossover Study (Clinical therapeutics, 2021) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Glycopyrronium Bromide in COPD: A Randomized, Parallel Group, Dose-Ranging Study (GLIMMER) (COPD, 2021) Clinical trial publication Evaluation of systemic absorption and bronchodilator effect of glycopyrronium bromide delivered by nebulizer or a dry powder inhaler in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Respiratory research, 2019) Clinical trial publication Dose-response of an extrafine dry powder inhaler formulation of glycopyrronium bromide: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study (GlycoNEXT) (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2018) Clinical trial publication Dual Bronchodilation with Indacaterol Maleate/Glycopyrronium Bromide Compared with Umeclidinium Bromide/Vilanterol in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe COPD: Results from Two Randomized, Controlled, Cross-over Studies (Lung, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL MALEATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 4 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03379233 — A Randomized Study to Evaluate the Effect of Reminder Notifications and Motivational/Adaptive Messaging on Treatment Adherence (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT02487446 — Efficacy and Safety Study of QVA149 in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01437748 — Closing Volume Interpretation and Bronchodilators Effect (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00636961 — An Exploratory Study, to Assess the Effect of Repeat-dose Inhaled Indacaterol Maleate (300 μg) on Dynamic and Static Lung Hyperinflation, Subjective Breathlessness and Health Status in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02125734 — Lung Function and Patient Preference With QVA149 vs. Tiotropium in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01529632 — Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of the Combination Product QVA149A Against the Concurrent Administration of the Individual Components, QAB149 and NVA237, in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07541378 — Comparative Efficacy of Once-daily LAMA/LABA Combinations Versus Tiotropium on Constant-work-rate Cycle Endurance in COPD (SUSPENDED) NA NCT02442206 — Effect of QVA149 (Indacaterol Maleate/Glycopyrronium Bromide) on Cardiac Function in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Bioequivalence studies of inhaled indacaterol maleate in healthy Chinese volunteers under gastrointestinal non-blocking or blocking with concomitant charcoal administration (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2020) Clinical trial publication Dual Bronchodilation with Indacaterol Maleate/Glycopyrronium Bromide Compared with Umeclidinium Bromide/Vilanterol in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe COPD: Results from Two Randomized, Controlled, Cross-over Studies (Lung, 2017) Clinical trial publication Indacaterol and glycopyrronium versus indacaterol on body plethysmography measurements in COPD-a randomised controlled study (Respiratory research, 2017) Clinical trial publication The effect of indacaterol during an acute exacerbation of COPD (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 11 Cochrane 9 Meta-analysis 85 Trial pubs 73 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00400153 — Respimat® Combivent Trial in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02232594 — Postmarketing Surveillance Study of Berodual® Metered-dose Inhaler in Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Tract Disease (COMPLETED) NCT03170232 — A Pilot Study of Danirixin for Disease Progression in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02576626 — Single Dose Ultibro Breezhaler by Sd-DPI Versus Ipratropium/Salbutamol by Nebulizer in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02182856 — Ipratropium or Salbutamol Sulphate Alone or Combination Therapy Salbutamol and Ipratropium in Patients With COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00359788 — A Trial Comparing Treatment With Tiotropium Inhalation Capsules to Combivent Inhalation Aerosol in COPD Patients. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03405090 — Differential Mechanisms of Dyspnea Relief in Advanced COPD: Opiates vs. Bronchodilators (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00274040 — Comparison of Tiotropium and Ipratropium in a Double-Blind, Double-dummy, Efficacy and Safety Study in Adults With COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022) Cochrane review Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Cochrane review Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Cochrane review Inhaled anticholinergics and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (JAMA, 2008) Cochrane review Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2006) Meta-analysis Tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis (Thorax, 2006) Systematic review Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for cough in adults with respiratory and non-respiratory diseases: A systematic review of the literature (Respiratory medicine, 2010) Clinical trial publication Atomization efficacy of a novel micro-dose mesh nebulizer (CVS-100) versus the traditional mesh nebulizer (M102) in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized non-inferiority clinical trial (Respiratory medicine, 2023) Clinical trial publication Comparison of the efficacy of aerosol inhalation between the ipratropium bromide and terbutaline on the patients with AECOPD (Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2019) Clinical trial publication Development of a novel digital breath-activated inhaler: Initial particle size characterization and clinical testing (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2018) Clinical trial publication Nebulized Terbutaline and Ipratropium Bromide Versus Terbutaline Alone in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Requiring Noninvasive Ventilation: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Trial (Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2019) Clinical trial publication The effect of ventilator mask atomization inhalation of ipratropium bromide and budesonide suspension liquid in the treatment of COPD in acute exacerbation period on circulating levels of inflammation and prognosis (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT02799784 — An Efficacy Study of Umeclidinium/Vilanterol With Tiotropium/Olodaterol in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07267130 — A Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic Profile of TQC3302 Inhalation Spray in Healthy Adult Subjects (RECRUITING) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00311961 — Intravenous Versus Oral Administration of Prednisolone in Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06892210 — Comparing Hydrocortisone and Prednisolone for Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00920660 — Clinical Study to Assess the Effects of SRT2104 and Prednisolone on Biomarkers in Blood in Healthy Volunteers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01865500 — Two Different Dosages of Nebulized Steroid Versus Parenteral Steroid in the Management of COPD Exacerbations (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT06347536 — Supported Rescue Packs Post-discharge in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE3 NCT00380133 — Study of SB681323 and Prednisolone on Biomarkers in COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01526850 — Efficacy and Safety Study of Allogenic Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Patients With Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT02147015 — Personalized Variable Versus Fixed Dose Glucocorticoid Therapy in AECOPD (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROFLUMILAST	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 13 Cochrane 15 Meta-analysis 40 Trial pubs 35 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04069312 — Roflumilast or Azithromycin to Prevent COPD Exacerbations (RELIANCE) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02018432 — Strategy to Improve Adherence of Roflumilast (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01572948 — A Placebo-controlled Trial of Daliresp on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT00430729 — Effect of Roflumilast on Exacerbation Rate in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Ratio-Study. (BY217/M2-112) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02451540 — Evaluation of the Effect of Roflumilast in Hyperinflated COPD Patients Using Functional Respiratory Imaging (TERMINATED) PHASE2 NCT02165826 — Evaluation of Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Roflumilast, 250μg and 500μg, as add-on to Standard COPD Treatment to Treat Severe COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01313494 — A Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Trial Investigating Roflumilast on Safety and Effectiveness in China, Hong Kong and Singapore: (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02068456 — Post Marketing Surveillance of Roflumilast in Korea (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review The Dosing Strategy to Improve Adherence to Roflumilast in Treatment for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2024) Cochrane review Effects of Roflumilast on Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Treated with Inhaled Corticosteroid/Long-Acting β2 Agonist: A Meta-analysis (Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, 2022) Cochrane review Interventions to improve adherence to pharmacological therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2021) Cochrane review What conservative interventions can improve the long-term quality of life, depression, and anxiety of individuals with stable COPD? A systematic review and meta-analysis (Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 2022) Cochrane review Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2020) Meta-analysis 2023 Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline on Pharmacotherapy in Patients With Stable COPD (Chest, 2023) Clinical trial publication Roflumilast May Increase Risk of Exacerbations When Used to Treat Poorly Controlled Asthma in People with Obesity (Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2023) Clinical trial publication Effects of roflumilast on arterial stiffness in COPD (ELASTIC): A randomized trial (Respirology (Carlton, Vic.), 2021) Clinical trial publication Adherence to roflumilast under dose-escalation strategy in Korean patients with COPD (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2019) Clinical trial publication Mucociliary Clearance in Former Tobacco Smokers with Both Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Bronchitis and the Effect of Roflumilast (Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery, 2019) Clinical trial publication Anti-inflammatory effects of roflumilast in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ROBERT): a 16-week, randomised, placebo-controlled trial (The Lancet. Respiratory medicine, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 10 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 44 Trial pubs 40 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01462929 — Efficacy and Safety of Aclidinium Bromide 400 µg Compared to Placebo and to Tiotropium Bromide in Patients With Stable Moderate to Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05161156 — Bioequivalence Study of Tiotropium Bromide Inhalation Powder (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05748977 — Short Acting Agents Vs Long Acting in Frequent Excerbator COPD Patients (UNKNOWN) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT01465906 — Efficacy and Safety of Tulobuterol Patch Combined With Tiotropium Bromide for Relieving Dyspnea Symptom of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00168844 — Tiotropium / Respimat One-Year Study (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02347072 — 24-hour Lung Function in Subjects With Moderate to Very Severe COPD After Treatment With PT003, Open-Label Spiriva® Respimat® as an Active Control, and Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01656005 — Beta Blocker Therapy in Moderate to Severe COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03084796 — A 6-week Dose Ranging Study of CHF 5259 pMDI in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review [Systematic review and Meta-analysis on efficacy and safety of Buzhong Yiqi Decoction for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease] (Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica, 2020) Cochrane review Comparative mortality risk of tiotropium administered via handihaler or respimat in COPD patients: are they equivalent? (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2014) Cochrane review Combination inhaled steroid and long-acting beta2-agonist versus tiotropium for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Cochrane review Tiotropium versus long-acting beta-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012) Cochrane review The cardiovascular risk of tiotropium: is it real? (Expert opinion on drug safety, 2010) Meta-analysis Long-acting muscarinic antagonists vs. long-acting β 2 agonists in COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisilogia, 2017) Meta-analysis Comparative efficacy of long-acting bronchodilators for COPD: a network meta-analysis (Respiratory research, 2013) Meta-analysis Tiotropium and risk for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review with meta-analysis (Respiratory medicine, 2009) Clinical trial publication A multicenter randomized controlled trial and metabolomics exploration of Traditional Chinese Medicine pattern-based therapy for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan, 2026) Clinical trial publication A placebo-controlled, crossover trial to investigate the efficacy of tiotropium bromide or placebo added to usual care in stable symptomatic post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) (Trials, 2024) Clinical trial publication Tiotropium Bromide Attenuates Mucus Hypersecretion in Patients with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, 2021) Clinical trial publication Pharmacokinetics and safety of tiotropium+olodaterol 5 μg/5 μg fixed-dose combination in Chinese patients with COPD (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
UMECLIDINIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 1 Cochrane 7 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01313637 — A 24-week Evaluation of GSK573719/Vilanterol (125/25mcg) and Components in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03949842 — Legend: TRELEGY Real World Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Effectiveness Study (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT05127304 — A Study Using US Medical and Pharmacy Claim Records to Compare the Resource Use, Cost, and Outcomes of People With COPD Who Take Either Tiotropium + Olodaterol or Fluticasone + Umeclidinium + Vilanterol (COMPLETED) NCT01372410 — A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Incomplete Block, Crossover, Dose Ranging Study to Evaluate the Dose Response of GSK573719 Administered Once or Twice Daily Over 7 Days in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01822899 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Umeclidinium Bromide/Vilanterol Compared With Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol Over 12 Weeks in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03474081 — A Comparative Study Between Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) Single Inhaler Triple Therapy Versus Tiotropium Monotherapy in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02487446 — Efficacy and Safety Study of QVA149 in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00515502 — Safety Study Using GSK573719 And Tiotropium In Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Umeclidinium bromide versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017) Clinical trial publication Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Fluticasone Furoate, Umeclidinium Bromide, and Vilanterol in Patients with Asthma, Using Data from a Phase IIIA Study (CAPTAIN) (Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2021) Clinical trial publication Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium Bromide/Vilanterol in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2020) Clinical trial publication Cost-effectiveness analysis of umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol 62.5/25 mcg versus tiotropium/olodaterol 5/5 mcg in symptomatic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Spanish National Healthcare System perspective (Respiratory research, 2018) Clinical trial publication Dual Bronchodilation with Indacaterol Maleate/Glycopyrronium Bromide Compared with Umeclidinium Bromide/Vilanterol in Patients with Moderate-to-Severe COPD: Results from Two Randomized, Controlled, Cross-over Studies (Lung, 2017) Clinical trial publication Long-term (52 weeks) safety and tolerability of umeclidinium in Japanese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Current medical research and opinion, 2016) Randomized controlled trial Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium/vilanterol 62.5/25 mcg and tiotropium 18 mcg in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of a 24-week, randomized, controlled trial (Respiratory medicine, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILANTEROL TRIFENATATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BENRALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CILOMILAST	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXYCYCLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERDOSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPOLIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOMETASONE FUROATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MORPHINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOXIFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	8 trials 7 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 22 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05374629 — Study on the Effect of Smoking Cessation in COPD Patients After Shared Decision Making Intervention (COMPLETED) NA NCT04043728 — Addressing Psychological Risk Factors Underlying Smoking Persistence in COPD Patients: The Fresh Start Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT02612389 — Meditative Movement for COPD Symptoms in Non-Smoking Flight Attendants (COMPLETED) NA NCT02892396 — Influence of Electronic Cigarettes in the Evaluation of the Inflammatory Response in Patients With a Diagnosis of COPD (COMPLETED) NCT05919511 — Observational Study for Patients at Risk for Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (RECRUITING) NCT05610514 — Pulmonary and Cardiac Effects of E-Cigarette Use in Pulmonary Patients Who Smoke Cigarettes (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02148445 — Smoking Cessation Versus Long-term Nicotine Replacement Among High-risk Smokers (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04223362 — PICk-UP: PersonalIsed CommUnity-based Physical Activities for Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review The effectiveness of theory-based smoking cessation interventions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis (BMC public health, 2023) Cochrane review Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016) Cochrane review Smoking cessation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis (Ontario health technology assessment series, 2012) Cochrane review [Smoking cessation with special focus on primary health care] (Ugeskrift for laeger, 2009) Cochrane review Grey lungs and blue moods: smoking cessation in the context of lifetime depression history (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2004) Meta-analysis Assessing the impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Respiratory medicine, 2025) Meta-analysis Tar level of cigarettes smoked and risk of smoking-related diseases (Inhalation toxicology, 2018) Meta-analysis Multiple independent loci at chromosome 15q25.1 affect smoking quantity: a meta-analysis and comparison with lung cancer and COPD (PLoS genetics, 2010) Systematic review Systematic review of the evidence relating FEV1 decline to giving up smoking (BMC medicine, 2010) Systematic review The efficacy of smoking cessation strategies in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a systematic review (Respiratory medicine, 2004) Clinical trial publication Impact of the POPulation Medicine Multimorbidity Intervention in Xishui County (POPMIX) on people at high risk for COPD who smoke: protocol for the POPMIX-Smoking cluster randomised controlled trial (BMJ open, 2026) Clinical trial publication Cardiopulmonary effects of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYGEN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIMVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZABOFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZILEUTON	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+/-)NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
.ALPHA.1-PROTEINASE INHIBITOR HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 7 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03177837 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Exercise Performance in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01499485 — Treatment of Metabolic Alkalosis With Acetazolamide. Effect on the Length of Mechanical Ventilation. (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03540901 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Lung Water Content by Ultrasound in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03165890 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Cognition in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03177850 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Sleep Related Breathing Disturbances in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03156231 — Effect Of Acetazolamide On Altitude Related Illness In Patients With Respiratory Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04913389 — Acetazolamide to Prevent Impending Altitude-illness in Patients With COPD (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT01627639 — Effectiveness of Acetazolamide for Reversal of Metabolic Alkalosis in Mechanically Ventilated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Acetazolamide for metabolic alkalosis complicating respiratory failure with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a systematic review (Thorax, 2023) Cochrane review Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for hypercapnic ventilatory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2001) Meta-analysis High altitudes and partial pressure of arterial oxygen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - A systematic review and meta-analysis (Pulmonology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Nocturnal cerebral oxygenation in patients with COPD at altitude: data from a randomized clinical trial of acetazolamide (Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Acetazolamide to Prevent Adverse Altitude Effects in COPD and Healthy Adults (NEJM evidence, 2022) Clinical trial publication Effects of early administration of acetazolamide on the duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or obesity-hypoventilation syndrome with metabolic alkalosis. A randomized trial (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2017) Clinical trial publication Effect of Acetazolamide vs Placebo on Duration of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Among Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2016) Clinical trial publication Acetazolamide improves oxygenation in patients with respiratory failure and metabolic alkalosis (The clinical respiratory journal, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALBUMIN HUMAN	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AROFYLLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASTEGOLIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOCOCIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIPROFLOXACIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 7 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01072942 — To Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pulmonary Deposition, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ciprofloxacin Inhale in Japanese Patients With Moderate to Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD, GOLD II-III) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03262142 — Targeted AntiBiotics for Chronic Pulmonary Diseases (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT02300220 — Targeted Retreatment of COPD Exacerbations (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00097773 — Comparison of Two Treatment Regimens to Reduce PA Infection in Children With Cystic Fibrosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02171338 — Procalcitonin as a Marker of Antibiotic Therapy in Patients With Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01052298 — Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Ciprofloxacin in Patients With Mild to Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT04879030 — Combination Antibiotic Therapy Compared to Monotherapy in the Treatment of Acute COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00153634 — Standard vs. Biofilm Susceptibility Testing in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Antibiotics for treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2017) Clinical trial publication Targeted AntiBiotics for Chronic pulmonary diseases (TARGET ABC): can targeted antibiotic therapy improve the prognosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected patients with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, and asthma? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label trial (Trials, 2022) Clinical trial publication Targeted Retreatment of Incompletely Recovered Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations with Ciprofloxacin. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter, Phase III Clinical Trial (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2020) Clinical trial publication Ciprofloxacin Dry Powder for Inhalation in Patients with Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and in Healthy Volunteers (Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery, 2017) Clinical trial publication Echinacea purpurea along with zinc, selenium and vitamin C to alleviate exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a randomized controlled trial (Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2011) Clinical trial publication Standard versus newer antibacterial agents in the treatment of severe acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus ciprofloxacin (Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARBEPOETIN ALFA	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEPEMOKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DUPILUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUTICASONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCOPYRRONIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HELIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IPRATROPIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ITEPEKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVOSPEMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
L-CITRULLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOSALBUTAMOL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LUNSEKIMIG	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MARAVIROC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METFORMIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONTELUKAST SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITAZOXANIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLODATEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXITROPIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SENNA	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIBENADET	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEMAZEPAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TEZEPELUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOZORAKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRANIMILAST	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UMECLIDINIUM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VARENICLINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILANTEROL	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABEDITEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMELUBANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASM-024	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-7624	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD1981	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD2423	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD3199	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD4818	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD8683	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BATEFENTEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIMAGRUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIMOSIAMOSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BOSENTAN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBON MONOXIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARMOTEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHOLECALCIFEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CICLESONIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DANIRIXIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILMAPIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERYTHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK-2269557	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYALURONATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICENTICAFTOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPROST	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMD-1041	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVACAFTOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEBRIKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOSMAPIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEGESTROL ACETATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMALIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-03715455	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PH-797804	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETOMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TREPROSTINIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
XEN-D0501	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABX-IL8	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACUMAPIMOD	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALVELESTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANTI-PSGL-1 ANTIBODY SELK2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-1236	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-5423	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-9164	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD9056	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIO-11006	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAVOSONSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CDP840	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFIXIME	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFOTAXIME	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTAZIDIME	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CEFTRIAXONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1237026	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL5314358	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHLORHEXIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOPIDOGREL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
COFIRASERSEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAROTROPIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DAROTROPIUM BROMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXPRAMIPEXOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOCIPARSTAT SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELUBRIXIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMERAMIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERTAPENEM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENTANYL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FERRIC CARBOXYMALTOSE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEVIPIPRANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILAMINAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FISPEMIFENE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLASMACINAL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK-256066	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK2881078	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HEPARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN G	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPENEM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON ALFA	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON ALFA-2B	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INTERFERON BETA-1A	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IODOCARB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
JNJ-49095397	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANCOVUTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LIRIMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAGNESIUM STEARATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEDI-8968	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEROPENEM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILVETEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITIPERSTAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-0873	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MONTELUKAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MUFEMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAVAFENTEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAVARIXIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAVARIXIN ANHYDROUS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEMIRALISIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITRIC OXIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROGEN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NITROGLYCERIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OGLEMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ONABOTULINUMTOXINA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PBF-680	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEMBROLIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-00489791	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-00610355	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-03635659	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPERACILLIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRX-08066	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRUVATE SODIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUERCETIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RADEMIKIBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAMELTEON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RELDESEMTIV	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REMESTEMCEL-L	Cell therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR .GAMMA.	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISPENZEPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSIPTOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROSUVASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SETILEUTON	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SILDENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLITHROMYCIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLRIKITUG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
STAPOKIBART	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFORAPHANE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TADALAFIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TESTOSTERONE ENANTHATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICAGRELOR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TICARCILLIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILREKIMIG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOFIMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAFENTRINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TPI-1020	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROSPIUM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UK-500001	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UK432097	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ULINASTATIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VALACYCLOVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VAPENDAVIR	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VELSECORAT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEREKITUG	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILANTEROL .ALPHA.-PHENYL CINNAMATE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANDECALIXIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEDORADRINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANAKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSERINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CYCLOSPORINE	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DNK333	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GISADENAFIL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOXAPINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MANNITOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROSPIUM CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	40	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCHOLINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN II	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANGIOTENSIN-II	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APOCYNIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-5122	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-6553	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD-8075	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BQ-123	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAMOTESKIMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL30	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL64391	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CO-TRIMOXAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARIDOREXANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELBIMILAST	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FEXOFENADINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FRESPACIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FREVECITINIB	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK159802	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GSK2256294	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IGMESINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LAS190792	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEMBOREXANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MITOQUINONE MESYLATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OZAGREL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RANITIDINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RESVERATROL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REVATROPATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIBAVIRIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RILMAKALIM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RIOCIGUAT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SCH-351591	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLIZMESTROCEL	Cell therapy	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SUVOREXANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILARGININE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIMETHOPRIM	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIMNERIXIN	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACLIDINIUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADERAMASTAT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALMITRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINO ACIDS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
APREPITANT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARFORMOTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARGININE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATORVASTATIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAMIFYLLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BECLOMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEPOTASTINE BESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBOCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL177	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMEDETOMIDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOXAPRAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENSIFENTRINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOROMETHOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE HYDRATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCOPYRRONIUM TOSYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
INSULIN GLULISINE	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVCROMAKALIM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPREDNISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	7 trials 11 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00745043 — Beta-Blocker in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT02587351 — Beta-Blockers for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT03566667 — Beta-blockers to Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00384566 — A Comparison of the Effect of Carvedilol and Metoprolol on Airways Tone in Patients With Heart Failure (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT06825728 — Metoprolol in Patients With HFrEF and COPD (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03370835 — Tolerability of Metoprolol-Succinate-ER and Carvedilol in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00288548 — Metoprolol and Formoterol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Bisoprolol in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at High Risk of Exacerbation: The BICS Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2024) Clinical trial publication Association between P-pulmonale and respiratory morbidity in COPD: a secondary analysis of the BLOCK-COPD trial (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2023) Clinical trial publication Lung Function and the Risk of Exacerbation in the β-Blockers for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Trial (Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2022) Clinical trial publication Metoprolol for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of COPD (The New England journal of medicine, 2019) Clinical trial publication Relationship between heart failure, concurrent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and beta-blocker use: a Danish nationwide cohort study (European journal of heart failure, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIDAZOLAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NALOXONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAVAFENTEROL SACCHARINATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIMAGEDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PLATINUM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRASTERONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREGABALIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPOFOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUINAZOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REVEFENACIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERTRALINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TELENZEPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZARDAVERINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 7 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03177837 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Exercise Performance in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01499485 — Treatment of Metabolic Alkalosis With Acetazolamide. Effect on the Length of Mechanical Ventilation. (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03540901 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Lung Water Content by Ultrasound in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03165890 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Cognition in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03177850 — Effect of Acetazolamide on Sleep Related Breathing Disturbances in Patients With Respiratory Disease at Altitude (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03156231 — Effect Of Acetazolamide On Altitude Related Illness In Patients With Respiratory Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04913389 — Acetazolamide to Prevent Impending Altitude-illness in Patients With COPD (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT01627639 — Effectiveness of Acetazolamide for Reversal of Metabolic Alkalosis in Mechanically Ventilated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Acetazolamide for metabolic alkalosis complicating respiratory failure with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a systematic review (Thorax, 2023) Cochrane review Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for hypercapnic ventilatory failure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2001) Meta-analysis High altitudes and partial pressure of arterial oxygen in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - A systematic review and meta-analysis (Pulmonology, 2025) Clinical trial publication Nocturnal cerebral oxygenation in patients with COPD at altitude: data from a randomized clinical trial of acetazolamide (Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Acetazolamide to Prevent Adverse Altitude Effects in COPD and Healthy Adults (NEJM evidence, 2022) Clinical trial publication Effects of early administration of acetazolamide on the duration of mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or obesity-hypoventilation syndrome with metabolic alkalosis. A randomized trial (Pulmonary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2017) Clinical trial publication Effect of Acetazolamide vs Placebo on Duration of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation Among Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2016) Clinical trial publication Acetazolamide improves oxygenation in patients with respiratory failure and metabolic alkalosis (The clinical respiratory journal, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ALBUTEROL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARFORMOTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ARFORMOTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASPIRIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BITOLTEROL MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARTEOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARTEOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARVEDILOL PHOSPHATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELIPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 7 Trial pubs 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01072942 — To Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pulmonary Deposition, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ciprofloxacin Inhale in Japanese Patients With Moderate to Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD, GOLD II-III) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03262142 — Targeted AntiBiotics for Chronic Pulmonary Diseases (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT02300220 — Targeted Retreatment of COPD Exacerbations (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00097773 — Comparison of Two Treatment Regimens to Reduce PA Infection in Children With Cystic Fibrosis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02171338 — Procalcitonin as a Marker of Antibiotic Therapy in Patients With Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01052298 — Study to Evaluate the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Ciprofloxacin in Patients With Mild to Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT04879030 — Combination Antibiotic Therapy Compared to Monotherapy in the Treatment of Acute COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT00153634 — Standard vs. Biofilm Susceptibility Testing in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Antibiotics for treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2017) Clinical trial publication Targeted AntiBiotics for Chronic pulmonary diseases (TARGET ABC): can targeted antibiotic therapy improve the prognosis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-infected patients with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, and asthma? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label trial (Trials, 2022) Clinical trial publication Targeted Retreatment of Incompletely Recovered Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations with Ciprofloxacin. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter, Phase III Clinical Trial (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2020) Clinical trial publication Ciprofloxacin Dry Powder for Inhalation in Patients with Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and in Healthy Volunteers (Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery, 2017) Clinical trial publication Echinacea purpurea along with zinc, selenium and vitamin C to alleviate exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a randomized controlled trial (Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2011) Clinical trial publication Standard versus newer antibacterial agents in the treatment of severe acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus ciprofloxacin (Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOTRIMAZOLE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DESIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIENESTROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DILEVALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DISULFIRAM Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ENALAPRIL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FORMOTEROL FUMARATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GLYCOPYRRONIUM BROMIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDACATEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
INDACATEROL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOETHARINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOETHARINE MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOPROTERENOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVALBUTEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVALBUTEROL TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOBUNOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVOBUNOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEPOLIZUMAB Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METAPROTERENOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHACHOLINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METIPRANOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	7 trials 11 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00745043 — Beta-Blocker in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT02587351 — Beta-Blockers for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT03566667 — Beta-blockers to Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00384566 — A Comparison of the Effect of Carvedilol and Metoprolol on Airways Tone in Patients With Heart Failure (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT06825728 — Metoprolol in Patients With HFrEF and COPD (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03370835 — Tolerability of Metoprolol-Succinate-ER and Carvedilol in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00288548 — Metoprolol and Formoterol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Bisoprolol in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at High Risk of Exacerbation: The BICS Randomized Clinical Trial (JAMA, 2024) Clinical trial publication Association between P-pulmonale and respiratory morbidity in COPD: a secondary analysis of the BLOCK-COPD trial (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2023) Clinical trial publication Lung Function and the Risk of Exacerbation in the β-Blockers for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Trial (Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 2022) Clinical trial publication Metoprolol for the Prevention of Acute Exacerbations of COPD (The New England journal of medicine, 2019) Clinical trial publication Relationship between heart failure, concurrent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and beta-blocker use: a Danish nationwide cohort study (European journal of heart failure, 2018) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIRABEGRON Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICARDIPINE Repurposing via ADORA3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NICOTINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 7 Cochrane 7 Meta-analysis 22 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05374629 — Study on the Effect of Smoking Cessation in COPD Patients After Shared Decision Making Intervention (COMPLETED) NA NCT04043728 — Addressing Psychological Risk Factors Underlying Smoking Persistence in COPD Patients: The Fresh Start Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT02612389 — Meditative Movement for COPD Symptoms in Non-Smoking Flight Attendants (COMPLETED) NA NCT02892396 — Influence of Electronic Cigarettes in the Evaluation of the Inflammatory Response in Patients With a Diagnosis of COPD (COMPLETED) NCT05919511 — Observational Study for Patients at Risk for Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (RECRUITING) NCT05610514 — Pulmonary and Cardiac Effects of E-Cigarette Use in Pulmonary Patients Who Smoke Cigarettes (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02148445 — Smoking Cessation Versus Long-term Nicotine Replacement Among High-risk Smokers (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04223362 — PICk-UP: PersonalIsed CommUnity-based Physical Activities for Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review The effectiveness of theory-based smoking cessation interventions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis (BMC public health, 2023) Cochrane review Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2016) Cochrane review Smoking cessation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence-based analysis (Ontario health technology assessment series, 2012) Cochrane review [Smoking cessation with special focus on primary health care] (Ugeskrift for laeger, 2009) Cochrane review Grey lungs and blue moods: smoking cessation in the context of lifetime depression history (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2004) Meta-analysis Assessing the impact of electronic nicotine delivery systems on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Respiratory medicine, 2025) Meta-analysis Tar level of cigarettes smoked and risk of smoking-related diseases (Inhalation toxicology, 2018) Meta-analysis Multiple independent loci at chromosome 15q25.1 affect smoking quantity: a meta-analysis and comparison with lung cancer and COPD (PLoS genetics, 2010) Systematic review Systematic review of the evidence relating FEV1 decline to giving up smoking (BMC medicine, 2010) Systematic review The efficacy of smoking cessation strategies in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a systematic review (Respiratory medicine, 2004) Clinical trial publication Impact of the POPulation Medicine Multimorbidity Intervention in Xishui County (POPMIX) on people at high risk for COPD who smoke: protocol for the POPMIX-Smoking cluster randomised controlled trial (BMJ open, 2026) Clinical trial publication Cardiopulmonary effects of combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLODATEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OLODATEROL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXPRENOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PENBUTOLOL SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYLEPHRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PIRBUTEROL ACETATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRILOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRONETALOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPAFENONE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PROPAFENONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROTOKYLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RAMIPRIL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RITODRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SALMETEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SALMETEROL XINAFOATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBUTALINE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TERBUTALINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIMOLOL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIMOLOL MALEATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIOTROPIUM Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VIDARABINE Repurposing via ADORA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
VILANTEROL TRIFENATATE Repurposing via ADRB2	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL:CHEMBL401844 Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
FD6 Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
NKY80 Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADCY5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Astragalus membranaceus (Huang Qi) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Cordyceps sinensis OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03745261 — Effect of Yong Chong Cao Capsule on Outcomes in Patients With Mild to Severe COPD (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Oral Chinese herbal medicine combined with pharmacotherapy for stable COPD: a systematic review of effect on BODE index and six minute walk test (PloS one, 2014) Meta-analysis Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological mechanism of Bailing capsule on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis and network pharmacology (Pharmaceutical biology, 2024) Clinical trial publication The Effectiveness of Yong Chong Cao Capsule in Patients With Mild to Severe COPD: A Multi-Center, Randomized, Active-Controlled Trial (Journal of evidence-based medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Crocin (Saffron) OSMF review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	30	—	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice root) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	—	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Ivy leaf extract (Hedera helix) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	—	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
L-Carnitine OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03008356 — L-carnitine for Fatigue in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in COPD Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Clinical trial publication L-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to whole-body and respiratory muscle training programs (Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2006) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) OSMF review	Supplement	Preclinical	Emerging	30	8 trials 3 Cochrane 8 Meta-analysis 23 Trial pubs 22 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01136239 — The Effect of High Dose N-acetylcysteine on Airtrapping and Airway Resistance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03843541 — A Clinical Trial to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of 1-week Treatment of Intravenous N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 600 mg Twice Daily, Ambroxol Hydrochloride 30 mg Twice Daily and Placebo as Expectorant Therapies in Adult Chinese Patients With Respiratory Tract Diseases and Abnormal Mucus Secretions (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT06152653 — The Effects of Positive Airway Pressure on the Mucolytic Effects of NAC (TEAM) (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00205647 — Study of Expectorant Activity of Oral N-acetylcystein (NAC) in Patients With Stable Chronic Bronchitis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02579772 — Effects of N-acetylcysteine on Cardiorespiratory Control in COPD Patients With Mild-to-moderate Airflow Obstruction (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04798118 — Role of Toilet Bronchoscopy in RICU (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01599884 — N-Acetylcysteine for Patients With COPD and ChronicBronchitis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT00184977 — COPD on Primary Care Treatment (COOPT) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a meta-analysis (Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 2023) Cochrane review Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Annals of palliative medicine, 2021) Cochrane review Effect of high/low dose N-acetylcysteine on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (COPD, 2014) Meta-analysis N-acetylcysteine Treatment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Chronic Bronchitis/Pre-COPD: Distinct Meta-analyses (Archivos de bronconeumologia, 2024) Meta-analysis Effect of Orally Administered N-Acetylcysteine on Chronic Bronchitis: A Meta-analysis (Advances in therapy, 2019) Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety profile of mucolytic/antioxidant agents in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a comparative analysis across erdosteine, carbocysteine, and N-acetylcysteine (Respiratory research, 2019) Systematic review Impact of N-Acetylcysteine on Mucus Hypersecretion in the Airways: A Systematic Review (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2024) Systematic review The effect of N-acetylcysteine on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis and systematic review (Heart & lung : the journal of critical care, 2017) Clinical trial publication The effect of nebulized N-acetylcysteine on the phlegm of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the NEWEST study (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of propolis and N-acetylcysteine in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2022) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and Safety of N-Acetylcysteine for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Bronchitis (BioMed research international, 2022) Clinical trial publication N-Acetylcysteine Improves Inflammatory Response in COPD Patients by Regulating Th17/Treg Balance through Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Pathway (BioMed research international, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Nanocurcumin OSMF review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	30	2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in COPD Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Cochrane review The effects of various nutritional supplements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Nanocurcumin supplementation improves pulmonary function in severe COPD patients: A randomized, double blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Panax ginseng OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	1 trials 1 Cochrane 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06326658 — Bufei Yishen Prescription on Patients With Frequent AECOPD in Stable Stage (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Oral Chinese herbal medicine combined with pharmacotherapy for stable COPD: a systematic review of effect on BODE index and six minute walk test (PloS one, 2014) Systematic review Herbal medicines for the treatment of COPD: a systematic review (The European respiratory journal, 2006) Clinical trial publication Effect of Panax Ginseng (G115) Capsules versus Placebo on Acute Exacerbations in Patients with Moderate to Very Severe COPD: A Randomized Controlled Trial (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2020) Clinical trial publication 12-month randomised controlled trial of ginseng extract for moderate COPD (Thorax, 2019) Clinical trial publication Panax ginseng C.A Meyer root extract for moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (Trials, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Resveratrol OSMF review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	30	—	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Rhodiola rosea OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Integrative therapy for lower limb venous thrombosis in patients with COPD: a trial of Rhodiola rosea polyglucoside and pulmonary rehabilitation as a synergistic combination (Respiratory medicine, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Thymoquinone (Nigella sativa) OSMF review	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	30	—	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation
Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) OSMF review	Herbal	Preclinical	Emerging	30	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	OSMF Chronic Disease Review	OSMF Review Citation

Natural Products

101 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked)

Reference lookups: GreenMedInfo · Examine.com

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Rhodiola Natural product Clinical trial publication Integrative therapy for lower limb venous thrombosis in patients with C… Clinical trial publication Adjunctive Treatment with Rhodiola Crenulata in Patients with Chronic O… Clinical trial publication Complementary usage of Rhodiola crenulata (L.) in chronic obstructive p…	Botanical	Phase II	Moderate	20	1 trials 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02242461 — Rhodiola Crenulata as an Adjunctive Therapy in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Clinical trial publication Integrative therapy for lower limb venous thrombosis in patients with COPD: a trial of Rhodiola rosea polyglucoside and pulmonary rehabilitation as a synergistic combination (Respiratory medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Adjunctive Treatment with Rhodiola Crenulata in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease--A Randomized Placebo Controlled Double Blind Clinical Trial (PloS one, 2015) Clinical trial publication Complementary usage of Rhodiola crenulata (L.) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: the effects on cytokines and T cells (Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Clinical trial publication Does Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Improve Exercise Tolerance of D₃ Defici… Clinical trial publication Does Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Improve Cardiac Autonomic Nerve Functio… Clinical trial publication A study to assess the relationship between vitamin D3 levels and the ri…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	20	8 trials 12 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03880734 — This Study Include Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overlap Patients.Patients Were Vitamin D Deficient.Age Range 40-70 Years, Smokers.Patients Were Advised to Take Either Placebo or Vitamin D3.Lung Functions and Exercise Tolerance Were Assessed at Baseline and at 26th Weeks. (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03773809 — Impact of Vitamin D3 Administration on Cardiac Autonomic Tone in Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) Overlap Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT00977873 — Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT03781895 — Effect of Vitamin D3 on Lung Function and Exercise Tolerance in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT04011930 — This Study Include Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) Patients . Patients Were Vitamin D Deficient Age Range 40 to 80 Years, Smokers Patients Were Advised to Take Either Placebo or Vitamin D3 . Antioxidant Enzymes Were Assessed at Baseline and at 26th Weeks. (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT00666367 — Vitamin D as Treatment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02018133 — Identification of Markers for Determining the Efficacy of Vitamin D Receptor Activator Therapy in Stage 3/4 CKD Patients (COMPLETED) NCT00914810 — Effect of Supplemental Vitamin D on Skeletal Muscle Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication Does Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Improve Exercise Tolerance of D₃ Deficient Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Patients? - A Randomized Controlled Trial (Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ, 2026) Clinical trial publication Does Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Improve Cardiac Autonomic Nerve Function in Vitamin D₃ Deficient Asthma COPD Overlap (ACO) Patients? A Randomized Clinical Trial (Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ, 2025) Clinical trial publication A study to assess the relationship between vitamin D3 levels and the risk of acute exacerbation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace, 2025) Clinical trial publication Vitamin D supplementation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with low serum vitamin D: a randomized controlled trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022) Clinical trial publication Effect of Monthly Vitamin D Supplementation on Preventing Exacerbations of Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Older Adults: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial (Nutrients, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
N-Acetylcysteine Natural product Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of mucolytic agents in patients with chronic obstru… Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of mucolytics in patients with stable chronic obstr… Cochrane review The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disea…	Amino acid	Approved	Moderate	20	8 trials 7 Cochrane 30 Trial pubs 28 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06688292 — The Safety and Effectiveness of Taneasy and Actein in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03388853 — Efficacy and Safety Study of Acetylcysteine/Doxofylline 1200/400 mg Effervescent Tablet in the Treatment of Moderate-Severe COPD. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01739790 — N-Acetylcysteine for Patients With COPD and Chronic Bronchitis (TERMINATED) NA NCT05102305 — A Multi-center,Prospective, OS to Evaluate the Effectiveness of 'NAC' Nebulizer Therapy in COPD (NEWEST) (COMPLETED) NCT01599884 — N-Acetylcysteine for Patients With COPD and ChronicBronchitis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05843669 — A Study to Explore if Long-term Use of Mucinex Can Help With Symptoms in Patients With Stable Chronic Bronchitis. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02818270 — Evaluation of Aerosolized Drugs Deposition During Mechanical Ventilation (COMPLETED) NA NCT06152653 — The Effects of Positive Airway Pressure on the Mucolytic Effects of NAC (TEAM) (RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of mucolytic agents in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of mucolytics in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Respiratory investigation, 2024) Cochrane review The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a meta-analysis (Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 2023) Cochrane review Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Annals of palliative medicine, 2021) Cochrane review Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Clinical trial publication Effect of high-dose N-acetylcysteine on exacerbations and lung function in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD: a double-blind, parallel group, multicentre randomised clinical trial (Nature communications, 2024) Clinical trial publication The effect of nebulized N-acetylcysteine on the phlegm of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the NEWEST study (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of propolis and N-acetylcysteine in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2022) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and Safety of N-Acetylcysteine for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Bronchitis (BioMed research international, 2022) Clinical trial publication Factorial analysis of N-acetylcysteine and propolis treatment effects on symptoms, life quality and exacerbations in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2022) Randomized controlled trial N-Acetylcysteine Improves Inflammatory Response in COPD Patients by Regulating Th17/Treg Balance through Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Pathway (BioMed research international, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
Vitamin C Natural product Cochrane review Improvement of Lung Function by Micronutrient Supplementation in Patien… Cochrane review Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary… Systematic review A systematic review of the role of vitamin insufficiencies and suppleme…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Moderate	20	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 9 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00565214 — Effect of Supplementary Vitamins on Oxidant Gene Expression in the Lungs of Healthy Smokers (COMPLETED) NA NCT02774226 — Long Term Nitric Oxide Bioavailability on Vascular Health in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01708278 — Beneficial Effects of Quercetin in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01398943 — Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT07460154 — Structured Review: To Optimise Management and Prevent Harm in COPD (RECRUITING) NA NCT06439875 — Effects of L-arginine and Liposomial Vitamin C on Severe Copd Patients Undergoing Pulmonary Rehabilitation. (COMPLETED) NA NCT04585334 — Effectiveness of Tricortin 1000 in Patients Affected by Chronic Low Back Pain (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01182792 — Chronic Mountain Sickness, Systemic Vascular Function (UNKNOWN) NA Published literature Cochrane review Improvement of Lung Function by Micronutrient Supplementation in Patients with COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2024) Cochrane review Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2022) Systematic review A systematic review of the role of vitamin insufficiencies and supplementation in COPD (Respiratory research, 2010) Clinical trial publication Impact of L-arginine and liposomal vitamin C supplementation on quality of life and daily life activities in patients with COPD: a randomized, multicenter, single blind, placebo-controlled trial (ILDA study) (European journal of internal medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Fortified whey beverage for improving muscle mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial (Respiratory research, 2020) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and/N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) Supplementation on Nutritional and Antioxidant Status of Male Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients (Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology, 2016) Clinical trial publication Cerebrovascular and ventilatory responses to acute isocapnic hypoxia in healthy aging and lung disease: effect of vitamin C (Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2015) Clinical trial publication Vascular dysfunction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of redox balance (Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2014) Randomized controlled trial Echinacea purpurea along with zinc, selenium and vitamin C to alleviate exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a randomized controlled trial (Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Clinical trial publication Does Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Improve Exercise Tolerance of D₃ Defici… Clinical trial publication Does Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Improve Cardiac Autonomic Nerve Functio… Clinical trial publication A study to assess the relationship between vitamin D3 levels and the ri…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 12 Trial pubs 11 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03880734 — This Study Include Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overlap Patients.Patients Were Vitamin D Deficient.Age Range 40-70 Years, Smokers.Patients Were Advised to Take Either Placebo or Vitamin D3.Lung Functions and Exercise Tolerance Were Assessed at Baseline and at 26th Weeks. (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT03773809 — Impact of Vitamin D3 Administration on Cardiac Autonomic Tone in Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) Overlap Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT00977873 — Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT03781895 — Effect of Vitamin D3 on Lung Function and Exercise Tolerance in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT04011930 — This Study Include Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(COPD) Patients . Patients Were Vitamin D Deficient Age Range 40 to 80 Years, Smokers Patients Were Advised to Take Either Placebo or Vitamin D3 . Antioxidant Enzymes Were Assessed at Baseline and at 26th Weeks. (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT00666367 — Vitamin D as Treatment for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02018133 — Identification of Markers for Determining the Efficacy of Vitamin D Receptor Activator Therapy in Stage 3/4 CKD Patients (COMPLETED) NCT00914810 — Effect of Supplemental Vitamin D on Skeletal Muscle Function in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication Does Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Improve Exercise Tolerance of D₃ Deficient Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease Patients? - A Randomized Controlled Trial (Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ, 2026) Clinical trial publication Does Vitamin D₃ Supplementation Improve Cardiac Autonomic Nerve Function in Vitamin D₃ Deficient Asthma COPD Overlap (ACO) Patients? A Randomized Clinical Trial (Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ, 2025) Clinical trial publication A study to assess the relationship between vitamin D3 levels and the risk of acute exacerbation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Monaldi per le malattie del torace, 2025) Clinical trial publication Vitamin D supplementation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with low serum vitamin D: a randomized controlled trial (The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2022) Clinical trial publication Effect of Monthly Vitamin D Supplementation on Preventing Exacerbations of Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Older Adults: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial (Nutrients, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
N-Acetylcysteine Natural product Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of mucolytic agents in patients with chronic obstru… Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of mucolytics in patients with stable chronic obstr… Cochrane review The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disea…	Amino acid	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 7 Cochrane 30 Trial pubs 28 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT06688292 — The Safety and Effectiveness of Taneasy and Actein in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03388853 — Efficacy and Safety Study of Acetylcysteine/Doxofylline 1200/400 mg Effervescent Tablet in the Treatment of Moderate-Severe COPD. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01739790 — N-Acetylcysteine for Patients With COPD and Chronic Bronchitis (TERMINATED) NA NCT05102305 — A Multi-center,Prospective, OS to Evaluate the Effectiveness of 'NAC' Nebulizer Therapy in COPD (NEWEST) (COMPLETED) NCT01599884 — N-Acetylcysteine for Patients With COPD and ChronicBronchitis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT05843669 — A Study to Explore if Long-term Use of Mucinex Can Help With Symptoms in Patients With Stable Chronic Bronchitis. (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02818270 — Evaluation of Aerosolized Drugs Deposition During Mechanical Ventilation (COMPLETED) NA NCT06152653 — The Effects of Positive Airway Pressure on the Mucolytic Effects of NAC (TEAM) (RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of mucolytic agents in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2026) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of mucolytics in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Respiratory investigation, 2024) Cochrane review The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a meta-analysis (Therapeutic advances in respiratory disease, 2023) Cochrane review Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Annals of palliative medicine, 2021) Cochrane review Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019) Clinical trial publication Effect of high-dose N-acetylcysteine on exacerbations and lung function in patients with mild-to-moderate COPD: a double-blind, parallel group, multicentre randomised clinical trial (Nature communications, 2024) Clinical trial publication The effect of nebulized N-acetylcysteine on the phlegm of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the NEWEST study (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy of propolis and N-acetylcysteine in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2022) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and Safety of N-Acetylcysteine for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Bronchitis (BioMed research international, 2022) Clinical trial publication Factorial analysis of N-acetylcysteine and propolis treatment effects on symptoms, life quality and exacerbations in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2022) Randomized controlled trial N-Acetylcysteine Improves Inflammatory Response in COPD Patients by Regulating Th17/Treg Balance through Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Pathway (BioMed research international, 2021) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin C Natural product Cochrane review Improvement of Lung Function by Micronutrient Supplementation in Patien… Cochrane review Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary… Systematic review A systematic review of the role of vitamin insufficiencies and suppleme…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 9 Trial pubs 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00565214 — Effect of Supplementary Vitamins on Oxidant Gene Expression in the Lungs of Healthy Smokers (COMPLETED) NA NCT02774226 — Long Term Nitric Oxide Bioavailability on Vascular Health in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01708278 — Beneficial Effects of Quercetin in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT01398943 — Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT07460154 — Structured Review: To Optimise Management and Prevent Harm in COPD (RECRUITING) NA NCT06439875 — Effects of L-arginine and Liposomial Vitamin C on Severe Copd Patients Undergoing Pulmonary Rehabilitation. (COMPLETED) NA NCT04585334 — Effectiveness of Tricortin 1000 in Patients Affected by Chronic Low Back Pain (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01182792 — Chronic Mountain Sickness, Systemic Vascular Function (UNKNOWN) NA Published literature Cochrane review Improvement of Lung Function by Micronutrient Supplementation in Patients with COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Nutrients, 2024) Cochrane review Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2022) Systematic review A systematic review of the role of vitamin insufficiencies and supplementation in COPD (Respiratory research, 2010) Clinical trial publication Impact of L-arginine and liposomal vitamin C supplementation on quality of life and daily life activities in patients with COPD: a randomized, multicenter, single blind, placebo-controlled trial (ILDA study) (European journal of internal medicine, 2025) Clinical trial publication Fortified whey beverage for improving muscle mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial (Respiratory research, 2020) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and/N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) Supplementation on Nutritional and Antioxidant Status of Male Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients (Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology, 2016) Clinical trial publication Cerebrovascular and ventilatory responses to acute isocapnic hypoxia in healthy aging and lung disease: effect of vitamin C (Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 2015) Clinical trial publication Vascular dysfunction and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of redox balance (Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2014) Randomized controlled trial Echinacea purpurea along with zinc, selenium and vitamin C to alleviate exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a randomized controlled trial (Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Cochrane review Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:… Cochrane review The association of dietary intake and supplementation of specific polyu… Randomized controlled trial Targeted medical nutrition for cachexia in chronic obstructive pulmonar…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	19	8 trials 2 Cochrane 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04042519 — The Research of Metabolomics on COPD (COMPLETED) NCT02197871 — Effects of Nutritional Supplementation in Malnourished Patients in Stable COPD (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05130294 — Unrefined Salmon Oil as Dietary Supplement in Patient With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT05297279 — OMEGA - Dietary Intervention - COPD Trial (RECRUITING) NA NCT03806868 — Dietary Intervention Increasing Omega-3 Intake (COMPLETED) NA NCT01728571 — LungVITamin D and OmegA-3 Trial (lungVITAL) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT07288619 — Therapeutic Efficacy of Nutritional Supplementation in Cachexia Associated With Chronic Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT00852020 — Safety, Tolerance and Efficacy of an Oral Nutritional Supplement in Chronic Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2021) Cochrane review The association of dietary intake and supplementation of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids with inflammation and functional capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review (International journal of evidence-based healthcare, 2016) Randomized controlled trial Targeted medical nutrition for cachexia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, controlled trial (Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2018) Randomized controlled trial A randomized clinical trial investigating the efficacy of targeted nutrition as adjunct to exercise training in COPD (Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2017) Randomized controlled trial Lung VITAL: Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of an ancillary study evaluating the effects of vitamin D and/or marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements on acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease, asthma control, pneumonia and lung function in adults (Contemporary clinical trials, 2016) Randomized controlled trial [Clinical application of enteral immune nutrition for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients] (Zhonghua yi xue za zhi, 2015) Randomized controlled trial Feasibility of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation as an adjunct therapy for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (Trials, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Beetroot Natural product Meta-analysis Strategies targeting the NO pathway to counteract extra-pulmonary manif… Clinical trial publication Evaluating the impact of short-term nitrate-rich dietary supplementatio… Clinical trial publication Oral nitrate supplementation improves cardiovascular risk markers in CO…	Food compound	Phase II	Emerging	19	4 trials 3 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 13 Trial pubs 13 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03020862 — Beetroot Juice - Effects on Performance in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT02148289 — Dietary Nitrate in COPD (COMPLETED) NA NCT01712386 — Nitrate, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Exercise (COMPLETED) NA NCT02521532 — A 2 Week, Crossover Trial of Dietary Nitrate in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Strategies targeting the NO pathway to counteract extra-pulmonary manifestations of COPD: A systematic review and meta-analysis (Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry, 2022) Clinical trial publication Evaluating the impact of short-term nitrate-rich dietary supplementation on endothelial function in COPD: A randomized crossover study (Respiratory medicine, 2024) Clinical trial publication Oral nitrate supplementation improves cardiovascular risk markers in COPD: ON-BC, a randomised controlled trial (The European respiratory journal, 2024) Clinical trial publication Dietary nitrate supplementation to enhance exercise capacity in hypoxic COPD: EDEN-OX, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised cross-over study (Thorax, 2022) Clinical trial publication Oral nitrate supplementation to enhance pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: ON-EPIC a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised parallel group study (Thorax, 2020) Clinical trial publication Dietary nitrate improved exercise capacity in COPD but not blood pressure or pulmonary function: a 2 week, double-blind randomised, placebo-controlled crossover trial (International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 2019) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Creatine Natural product Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Func… Cochrane review The effects of various nutritional supplements in patients with chronic… Randomized controlled trial Resistance Training With Elastic Tubing Improves Muscle Strength, Exerc…	Amino acid	Approved	Moderate	17	2 trials 2 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01990677 — Eplerenone for the Treatment of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (COMPLETED) NA NCT06991426 — Effects of CreaSafe® on Kidney, Muscle, and Cardiopulmonary Function in Athletes and COPD Patients (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in COPD Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Cochrane review The effects of various nutritional supplements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2025) Randomized controlled trial Resistance Training With Elastic Tubing Improves Muscle Strength, Exercise Capacity, and Post-Exercise Creatine Kinase Clearance in Subjects With COPD (Respiratory care, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Supplementation with Qter(®) and Creatine improves functional performance in COPD patients on long term oxygen therapy (Respiratory medicine, 2018) Randomized controlled trial Physiological responses during downhill walking: A new exercise modality for subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? (Chronic respiratory disease, 2015) Randomized controlled trial Systemic inflammatory profile and response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Respiratory research, 2012) Randomized controlled trial Randomized controlled trial of dietary creatine as an adjunct therapy to physical training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
L-Carnitine Natural product Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Func… Clinical trial publication L-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive p… Human Study A combination of N-acetyl cysteine and propolis attenuates oxidative-in…	Amino acid	Phase III	Moderate	17	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT03008356 — L-carnitine for Fatigue in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in COPD Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Clinical trial publication L-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to whole-body and respiratory muscle training programs (Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2006) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
Probiotics Natural product Cochrane review Gut microbiome dysbiosis in chronic lung disease: a systematic review a… Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Func… Cochrane review The effects of various nutritional supplements in patients with chronic…	Probiotic	Phase II	Emerging	16	8 trials 5 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05523180 — A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Probiotic Supplement on Quality of Life (COMPLETED) NA NCT05727436 — The Effect of Probiotics on Gingivitis (COMPLETED) NA NCT05492448 — Probiotic on Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease (TERMINATED) NA NCT07339280 — Probiotics in COPD: Effects on Symptoms, Lung Function, and Inflammation (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) NA NCT02185092 — Probiotic Use in Patients With Prior COPD Exacerbation (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT03455192 — Synbiotic as an Adjunct to Mechanical Treatment of Gingivitis (COMPLETED) NA NCT06717659 — Probiotics in Pulmonaty Rehabilitation for COPD (RECRUITING) NA NCT06480604 — Effect of a Multi-strain Probiotic on Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (RECRUITING) NA Published literature Cochrane review Gut microbiome dysbiosis in chronic lung disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2025) Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in COPD Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Cochrane review The effects of various nutritional supplements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2025) Cochrane review Effects of probiotic treatment on patients and animals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials (Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2024) Cochrane review Effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis (Medicine, 2020) Clinical trial publication Effects of the oral probiotic Familact on dyspnea management in COPD patients: A randomized controlled trial (Heart & lung : the journal of critical care, 2025) Clinical trial publication A multistrain probiotic improves handgrip strength and functional capacity in patients with COPD: A randomized controlled trial (Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 2022) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of probiotic supplementation on quality of life and pulmonary symptoms due to sulfur mustard exposure: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (Drug and chemical toxicology, 2017) Clinical trial publication The effect of a multispecies probiotic on the composition of the faecal microbiota and bowel habits in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients treated with antibiotics (The British journal of nutrition, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Creatine Natural product Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Func… Cochrane review The effects of various nutritional supplements in patients with chronic… Randomized controlled trial Resistance Training With Elastic Tubing Improves Muscle Strength, Exerc…	Amino acid	Approved	Emerging	13	2 trials 2 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 7 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01990677 — Eplerenone for the Treatment of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (COMPLETED) NA NCT06991426 — Effects of CreaSafe® on Kidney, Muscle, and Cardiopulmonary Function in Athletes and COPD Patients (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in COPD Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Cochrane review The effects of various nutritional supplements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a network meta-analysis (BMC pulmonary medicine, 2025) Randomized controlled trial Resistance Training With Elastic Tubing Improves Muscle Strength, Exercise Capacity, and Post-Exercise Creatine Kinase Clearance in Subjects With COPD (Respiratory care, 2019) Randomized controlled trial Supplementation with Qter(®) and Creatine improves functional performance in COPD patients on long term oxygen therapy (Respiratory medicine, 2018) Randomized controlled trial Physiological responses during downhill walking: A new exercise modality for subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? (Chronic respiratory disease, 2015) Randomized controlled trial Systemic inflammatory profile and response to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Respiratory research, 2012) Randomized controlled trial Randomized controlled trial of dietary creatine as an adjunct therapy to physical training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
L-Carnitine Natural product Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Func… Clinical trial publication L-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive p… Human Study A combination of N-acetyl cysteine and propolis attenuates oxidative-in…	Amino acid	Phase III	Emerging	10	1 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT03008356 — L-carnitine for Fatigue in COPD (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative Efficacy of Nutritional Supplements in Modulating Lung Function and Exercise Capacity in COPD Patients: A Network Meta-Analysis (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2025) Clinical trial publication L-carnitine as an ergogenic aid for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease submitted to whole-body and respiratory muscle training programs (Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas, 2006) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Silymarin Natural product Silibinin alleviates house dust mite induced allergic airway inflammati… Silibinin inhibits the fibrotic responses induced by cigarette smoke vi… Silymarin attenuates cigarette smoke extract-induced inflammation via s…	Botanical	Phase I	Emerging	10	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07123922 — Effect of Silymarin as Add on Therapy on Oxidative Stress, Pulmonary Function and Quality of Life in Stable COPD Patients. (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Umckaloabo Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	10	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	Examine.com
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Cochrane review Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:… Cochrane review The association of dietary intake and supplementation of specific polyu… Randomized controlled trial Targeted medical nutrition for cachexia in chronic obstructive pulmonar…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	8 trials 2 Cochrane 5 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04042519 — The Research of Metabolomics on COPD (COMPLETED) NCT02197871 — Effects of Nutritional Supplementation in Malnourished Patients in Stable COPD (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT05130294 — Unrefined Salmon Oil as Dietary Supplement in Patient With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT05297279 — OMEGA - Dietary Intervention - COPD Trial (RECRUITING) NA NCT03806868 — Dietary Intervention Increasing Omega-3 Intake (COMPLETED) NA NCT01728571 — LungVITamin D and OmegA-3 Trial (lungVITAL) (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NA NCT07288619 — Therapeutic Efficacy of Nutritional Supplementation in Cachexia Associated With Chronic Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT00852020 — Safety, Tolerance and Efficacy of an Oral Nutritional Supplement in Chronic Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 2021) Cochrane review The association of dietary intake and supplementation of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids with inflammation and functional capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review (International journal of evidence-based healthcare, 2016) Randomized controlled trial Targeted medical nutrition for cachexia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, controlled trial (Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2018) Randomized controlled trial A randomized clinical trial investigating the efficacy of targeted nutrition as adjunct to exercise training in COPD (Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 2017) Randomized controlled trial Lung VITAL: Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of an ancillary study evaluating the effects of vitamin D and/or marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements on acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease, asthma control, pneumonia and lung function in adults (Contemporary clinical trials, 2016) Randomized controlled trial [Clinical application of enteral immune nutrition for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients] (Zhonghua yi xue za zhi, 2015) Randomized controlled trial Feasibility of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation as an adjunct therapy for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (Trials, 2013) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Vitamin E Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Micronutrient supplementation, such as vitamin D alone and compound nut… Human Study A high dietary intake of vitamin C, or foods rich in this vitamin, may… Human Study Addition of vitamin B12 to exercise training improves cycle ergometer e…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	10	8 trials 3 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT00565214 — Effect of Supplementary Vitamins on Oxidant Gene Expression in the Lungs of Healthy Smokers (COMPLETED) NA NCT02774226 — Long Term Nitric Oxide Bioavailability on Vascular Health in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01398943 — Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT07460154 — Structured Review: To Optimise Management and Prevent Harm in COPD (RECRUITING) NA NCT01182792 — Chronic Mountain Sickness, Systemic Vascular Function (UNKNOWN) NA NCT02966665 — : Vascular Function in Health and Disease (RECRUITING) PHASE1 NCT01942889 — Antioxidants and Pulmonary Rehabilitation in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT02300064 — Exercise in Health and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Magnesium Natural product Cochrane review The Role of Trace Elements in COPD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therape… Cochrane review Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmon… Meta Analysis, Review Micronutrient supplementation, such as vitamin D alone and compound nut…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	8 trials 2 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT02105974 — Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Fluticasone Furoate/Vilanterol Inhalation Powder (FF/VI) Compared With Vilanterol Inhalation Powder (VI) in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01136421 — Magnesium Sulfate Versus Ipratropuim Bromide in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT05523180 — A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Probiotic Supplement on Quality of Life (COMPLETED) NA NCT02570165 — Dose-Finding Study of Batefenterol (GSK961081) Via Dry Powder Inhaler in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01957163 — Study to Compare the Addition of Umeclidinium Bromide (UMEC) to Fluticasone Furoate (FF)/Vilanterol (VI), With Placebo Plus FF/VI in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03880734 — This Study Include Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overlap Patients.Patients Were Vitamin D Deficient.Age Range 40-70 Years, Smokers.Patients Were Advised to Take Either Placebo or Vitamin D3.Lung Functions and Exercise Tolerance Were Assessed at Baseline and at 26th Weeks. (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT01118936 — Daily Magnesium-treatment of Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT02586493 — Ease of Use and Correct Use Study of Placebo ELLIPTA® Inhaler in COPD Subjects (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review The Role of Trace Elements in COPD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Zinc, Iron, Magnesium, Selenium, Manganese, Copper, and Calcium (Nutrients, 2024) Cochrane review Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Zinc Natural product Cochrane review The Role of Trace Elements in COPD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therape… Human Study Zinc picolinate may have favorable effects on oxidant-antioxidant balan…	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	10	5 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 3 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT06888440 — Zinc Stents for the Treatment of Gingivitis (COMPLETED) NA NCT01949181 — Blood, Hair and Lung Concentrations of Metals and Metalloids in Patients With Lung Cancer or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COMPLETED) NA NCT01942889 — Antioxidants and Pulmonary Rehabilitation in COPD Patients (COMPLETED) NA NCT05718453 — Assessment of Trace Elements, Systemic Inflammation and Electrolytes (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT03243994 — Small Intestinal Absorption in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cor Pulmonale (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review The Role of Trace Elements in COPD: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Zinc, Iron, Magnesium, Selenium, Manganese, Copper, and Calcium (Nutrients, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Vitamin B12 Natural product Human Study Addition of vitamin B12 to exercise training improves cycle ergometer e… Meta Analysis, Review Micronutrient supplementation, such as vitamin D alone and compound nut… Human Study A high dietary intake of vitamin C, or foods rich in this vitamin, may…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Glutamine Natural product Human Study Supplementation with glutamine may correct the low plasma glutamine lev…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	10	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Taurine Natural product Animal Study, Human In Vitro Taurine ameliorates particulate matter-induced emphysema by switching o…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	10	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Egcg Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Curcumin Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Curcumin and salidroside can improve the course of COPD by regulating b… Human Study Highly absorptive curcumin reduces serum atherosclerotic low-density li…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Resveratrol Natural product Human Study Resveratrol and genistein may be potential drugs candidates for use in… Human Study Resveratrol reduces arterial stiffness and improves functional capacity… Animal Study, Human In Vitro Protective effect of amygdalin on epithelial-mesenchymal transformation…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Quercetin Natural product Human Study Randomised clinical trial to determine the safety of quercetin suppleme…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Saffron Natural product Human Study Effect of crocin of Crocus sativus on serum inflammatory markers in chr…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Spirulina Natural product Human Study Spirulina intake for 30 and 60 days led to a significant reduced serum…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Egcg Natural product Human Study Tea consumption in this Asian population was associated with lowered CO…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Grape Seed Extract Natural product Human Study The anti-inflammatory effects of GSE/LP in the lung microenvironment an…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Ginseng Natural product Human Study Ginseng improves pulmonary function and exercise capacity in patients w… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Korean Red Ginseng suppresses emphysematous lesions induced by cigarett… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Microplastics exacerbate ferroptosis via mitochondrial reactive oxygen…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Melatonin Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Micronutrient supplementation, such as vitamin D alone and compound nut… Human Study Dietary nitrate supplementation appears to be a well-tolerated and effe… Human Study Dietary nitrate supplementation to enhance exercise capacity in hypoxic…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Human Study Supplementation with Qter® and creatine improves functional performance…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Ashwagandha Natural product Human Study Withania somnifera dunal as add-on therapy for COPD patients.	Ayurvedic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Andrographis Natural product Animal Study Andrographolide attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and airway inf…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Cordyceps Natural product The Effectiveness of Yong Chong Cao Capsule in Patients With Mild to Se… Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological mechanism of Bailing capsule o… Oral Chinese herbal medicine combined with pharmacotherapy for stable C…	Mushroom	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Licorice Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study A synergistic mechanism of Liquiritin and Licochalcone B from Glycyrrhi…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	2	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Cgs-15943 Natural product Impact of the cAMP efflux and extracellular cAMP-adenosine pathway on a…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Neca Natural product Oxidative/nitrosative stress selectively altered A(2B) adenosine recept… A2B adenosine receptors induce IL-19 from bronchial epithelial cells, r… A(2B) adenosine receptors increase cytokine release by bronchial smooth…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Zm-241385 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
(5R)-5-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Calcimycin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
1,3-DIPROPYL-8-CYCLOPENTYLXANTHINE [Dpcpx] Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
8-PHENYL Theophylline Natural product Human Study Theophylline increases the expression and activity of HDAC and improves…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Namodenoson Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Daidzin Natural product Caveolin-1 improves lung injury in rats with chronic obstructive pulmon…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Daidzein Natural product Isoflavone Intake is Associated With Decreased Chronic Obstructive Pulm… Isoflavone Aglycones Attenuate Cigarette Smoke-Induced Emphysema via Su… Dietary intake of isoflavones and polyunsaturated fatty acids associate…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
4'-hydroxychalcone Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Prunetin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
(7-chloro-4-hydroxy-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ylidene)-methyl-amine Natural product Human Study It is likely that low concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is a marker… Human Study Supplementation with glutamine may correct the low plasma glutamine lev…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Flavonoids Natural product Human Study The intake of flavonoids, particularly from solid fruit, is associated… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Scutellarin alleviates ferroptosis in cigarette smoke-induced chronic o… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Taxifolin ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmo…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Fruit: All Natural product Human Study High consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced CO… Human Study Long-term fruit consumtion was associated with lower risk of COPD. Human Study The intake of flavonoids, particularly from solid fruit, is associated…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Zataria Multiflora Natural product Human Study The effect of two-month treatment with Zataria multiflora on inflammato… Human Study Zataria multiflora affects pulmonary function tests, respiratory sympto… Human Study Zataria multiflora on clinical symptoms, oxidative stress, and C-reacti…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Astragaloside Natural product Animal Study, In Vitro Study Astragaloside IV protects against lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis in…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Ginsenosides Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Salvia Miltiorrhiza Natural product Human In Vitro, Human Study Cryptotanshinone reverses corticosteroid insensitivity by inhibition of…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Bee Propolis Natural product Human Study A combination of N-acetyl cysteine and propolis attenuates oxidative-in… Human Study The efficacy of propolis and N-acetylcysteine in exacerbations of chron…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Fiber Natural product Human Study High fiber intake is a modifiable lifestyle factor which may decrease C… Human Study High fiber intake was inversely associated with COPD incidence in men w…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Hydrogen: Molecular Natural product Human Study Hydrogen gas demonstrated symptom improvements in specific COPD patient… Human Study Long-term administration of N-acetylcysteine decreases hydrogen peroxid… Animal Study, Human In Vitro Taurine ameliorates particulate matter-induced emphysema by switching o…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Astaxanthin Natural product Animal Study Astaxanthin attenuates cigarette smoke-induced small airway remodeling… Animal Study Astaxanthin suppresses cigarette smoke-induced emphysema through Nrf2 a…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Tanshinone Iia Natural product Human In Vitro, Human Study Cryptotanshinone reverses corticosteroid insensitivity by inhibition of…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Polyphenols Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Curcumin and salidroside can improve the course of COPD by regulating b…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
White Mulberry Natural product Animal Study, Human Study Mulberry (Morus alba l.) leaf improves arachidonic acid metabolism diso…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Beet Natural product Human Study Dietary nitrate supplementation appears to be a well-tolerated and effe… Human Study Dietary nitrate supplementation to enhance exercise capacity in hypoxic…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Vegetables: All Natural product Human Study High consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced CO…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Genistein Natural product Human Study Resveratrol and genistein may be potential drugs candidates for use in…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Skullcap: Chinese Natural product Human Study A traditional Chinese herbal formula containing Angelica and Rehmannia… Animal Study, In Vitro Study Scutellarin alleviates ferroptosis in cigarette smoke-induced chronic o…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Isothiocyanates Natural product Allyl isothiocyanate treatment alleviates chronic obstructive pulmonary… Keap calm, and carry on covalently	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Pomegranate Natural product Efficacy and safety of dietary polyphenol supplements for COPD: a syste… Pomegranate juice supplementation in chronic obstructive pulmonary dise…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Safflower Natural product The Effects of Safflower Yellow on Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstru… Dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated oils and airway contractility Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Sea Buckthorn Natural product Sea buckthorn extract mitigates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease b…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Magnolol Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Sophora Flavescens Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Phloretin Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Pycnogenol (Pine Bark) Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Chlorella (Algae) Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Raspberry Natural product	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Angelica Natural product Human Study A traditional Chinese herbal formula containing Angelica and Rehmannia…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Rehmannia Natural product Human Study A traditional Chinese herbal formula containing Angelica and Rehmannia…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

Disease overview

Remission & chronicity

Alterations

Therapeutics

Natural Products

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