Disease overview

Alterations

117

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

135

Via biomarker

174

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

305

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed Literature, PubMed NP, ClinicalTrials.gov NP · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Spontaneous remission by adulthood: 30-70% symptom reduction (depending on definition); functionally impairing ADHD persists into adulthood in 50-65% of childhood cases; DSMIV criteria met in adulthood in ~50%

Best-intervention remission

Stimulant medications (methylphenidate, amphetamines): 60-80% response rate; MTA study: combined medication + behavioural treatment superior to either alone; behavioural interventions alone: 30-50% symptom reduction in children; non-stimulant (atomoxetine, viloxazine): 40-60% response

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Moderate — substantial underdiagnosis especially in girls/women and adults; treatment gaps exist but pharmacotherapy is highly effective when accessed

Primary barrier

access/framing

Barrier detail: Stimulant shortages (2022-present in US) have left many patients without medication; adult ADHD massively underdiagnosed for decades; medication diversion concerns create barriers to legitimate access; non-pharmacological approaches (CBT, exercise, dietary interventions) chronically under-supported

Last SoC change: 2023 — viloxazine (Qelbree) extended-release approved for adults; 2021 serdexmethylphenidate (Azstarys) approved; 2019 lisdexamfetamine approved for adults and children; methylphenidate/amphetamine backbone essentially unchanged since 1955-1960

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0007743 · ORPHA: ORPHA:250994

Alterations

117 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Hyperactivity	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
Mild global developmental delay	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ABHD17C abhydrolase domain containing 17C, depalmitoylase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADGRL1 adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA1 adenosine A1 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA2A adenosine A2a receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA2B adenosine A2b receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADORA3 adenosine A3 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2A adrenoceptor alpha 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2B adrenoceptor alpha 2B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADRA2C adrenoceptor alpha 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AKT3 AKT serine/threonine kinase 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANO10 anoctamin 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARID1B AT-rich interaction domain 1B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ARPP21 cAMP regulated phosphoprotein 21	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
AUTS2 activator of transcription and developmental regulator AUTS2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BCL11A BCL11 transcription factor A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BDNF brain derived neurotrophic factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Behavioural ratings on children's executive functions	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
CA10 carbonic anhydrase 10 (inactive)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA1C calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CACNA2D3 calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit alpha2delta 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CADM2 cell adhesion molecule 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDH13 cadherin 13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDH2 cadherin 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CDH8 cadherin 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CENPW centromere protein W	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CRY1 cryptochrome circadian regulator 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CTTNBP2 cortactin binding protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Change in Accuracy and Reaction Time in Attention and Working Memory	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change in Accuracy and Reaction Time in Inhibition/Decision Making	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Changes in child emotional and behavioural challenges between baseline, post-treatment, and follow up	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Children's ADHD symptoms	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Conners Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition (CPT 3)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Creature Counting subtest of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-CH)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
DCC DCC netrin 1 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD2 dopamine receptor D2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DRD4 dopamine receptor D4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
DUSP6 dual specificity phosphatase 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ELAVL2 ELAV like RNA binding protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FES FES proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOXP1 forkhead box P1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOXP2 forkhead box P2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Functional NIRS	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
GABRA2 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRB1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GABRB2 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GGNBP2 gametogenetin binding protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIA4 glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIK1 glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIK3 glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GRIN2A glutamate ionotropic receptor NMDA type subunit 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HIVEP1 HIVEP zinc finger 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HTR2A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IGSF9B immunoglobulin superfamily member 9B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IMMP2L inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ITIH3 inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNG2 potassium voltage-gated channel modifier subfamily G member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KIZ kizuna centrosomal protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LSM6 LSM6 homolog, U6 small nuclear RNA and mRNA degradation associated	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MAD1L1 mitotic arrest deficient 1 like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MECP2 methyl-CpG binding protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MED13 mediator complex subunit 13	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MED27 mediator complex subunit 27	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MEF2C myocyte enhancer factor 2C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
N-back Test Proportion Correct Across 4 Load Factors	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
NCAM1 neural cell adhesion molecule 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NEGR1 neuronal growth regulator 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NPAS3 neuronal PAS domain protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NRGN neurogranin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Number subtest of Children's Memory Scale (CMS)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
OLFM4 olfactomedin 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Opposite Worlds subtest of the Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-CH)	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
PDE4B phosphodiesterase 4B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PIK3C3 phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PJA1 praja ring finger ubiquitin ligase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POU3F2 POU class 3 homeobox 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTBP2 polypyrimidine tract binding protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPRF protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type F	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPRN2 protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type N2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Parenting behavior	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
RASGRF2 Ras protein specific guanine nucleotide releasing factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RBFOX1 RNA binding fox-1 homolog 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RFX3 regulatory factor X3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RSRC1 arginine and serine rich coiled-coil 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
RUNX1T1 RUNX1 partner transcriptional co-repressor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SCN2A sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SEMA6D semaphorin 6D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SHISA9 shisa family member 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC18A2 solute carrier family 18 member A2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC39A8 solute carrier family 39 member 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A2 solute carrier family 6 member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A3 solute carrier family 6 member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SLC6A4 solute carrier family 6 member 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SORCS3 sortilin related VPS10 domain containing receptor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SOX2 SRY-box transcription factor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SOX6 SRY-box transcription factor 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ST3GAL3 ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Skin Conductance Response	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
TANK TRAF family member associated NFKB activator	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TBC1D5 TBC1 domain family member 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TCF4 transcription factor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TCF7L2 transcription factor 7 like 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TENM2 teneurin transmembrane protein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TET2 tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TFAP2B transcription factor AP-2 beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TFAP2D transcription factor AP-2 delta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
THSD7B thrombospondin type 1 domain containing 7B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMEM161B transmembrane protein 161B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TMEM200C transmembrane protein 200C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNRC6A trinucleotide repeat containing adaptor 6A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TPH2 tryptophan hydroxylase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TSNARE1 t-SNARE domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
VGLL3 vestigial like family member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
VRK2 VRK serine/threonine kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
sustained attention	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, merged ranking, and clinical trial / literature evidence (top agents)

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
AMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 17 Cochrane 20 Meta-analysis 117 Trial pubs 103 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01711021 — Study to Evaluate Safety & Efficacy of d-Amphetamine Transdermal System vs Placebo in Children & Adolescents With ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00736255 — Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Smoking Cessation Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT01106430 — Comparison of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate With Atomoxetine HCl in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Subjects With an Inadequate Response to Methylphenidate (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01552902 — Effectiveness of Vyvanse Compared to Concerta in Adolescents With Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03659929 — Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Study With Amphetamine Sulfate (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02259517 — An fMRI Study of Stimulant vs. Non-Stimulant Treatment of ADHD (TERMINATED) NA NCT01328756 — Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate 2-year Safety Study in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00753012 — Cardiovascular Study of Lisdexamfetamine in Healthy and Hypertensive Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adults (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Effect of amphetamines on blood pressure (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of established and off-label ADHD drug therapies for cognitive impairment or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in bipolar disorder: A systematic review by the ISBD Targeting Cognition Task Force (Bipolar disorders, 2024) Cochrane review Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Cochrane review A review of Cochrane reviews on pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Dementia & neuropsychologia, 2021) Cochrane review ADHD Prescription Medications and Their Effect on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Sports medicine - open, 2022) Meta-analysis Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis: Moderators of Response to Stimulants for Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2026) Meta-analysis Safety of Stimulants Across Patient Populations: A Meta-Analysis (JAMA network open, 2025) Meta-analysis Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (PloS one, 2020) Meta-analysis Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Lisdexamfetamine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Methylphenidate, and Modafinil in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2019) Systematic review Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis to Medications for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies (CNS drugs, 2026) Systematic review Therapeutic Reference Ranges for ADHD Drugs in Blood of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review by the AGNP TDM-Task Force (Pharmacopsychiatry, 2026) Systematic review Challenges in amphetamine medication availability for individuals with ADHD: a narrative review of the current state of evidence (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 4 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 32 Trial pubs 26 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00736255 — Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Smoking Cessation Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT05584059 — Pai.ACT Programme for Parents of Children With Special Healthcare Needs - Phase I (RECRUITING) NA NCT01012375 — Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Tolerability of AZD1446 in Adult ADHD Patients. (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02266784 — Contingency Management, Quitting Smoking, and ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT06038942 — Formal Versus Informal Mindfulness Among University Students With Self-reported ADHD, Nonsuicidal Self-injury, or Stress (COMPLETED) NA NCT01123668 — Neuroimaging of Smokers With and Without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) NCT02599571 — Effects of Nicotine Reduction on Smoking Behavior in ADHD Smokers (TERMINATED) NA NCT00573248 — Nicotine and Behavior in Adult ADHD (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review RETRACTED: The association between maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PloS one, 2025) Cochrane review Tobacco and ADHD: A Role of MAO-Inhibition in Nicotine Dependence and Alleviation of ADHD Symptoms (Frontiers in neuroscience, 2022) Cochrane review Nicotine Replacement Therapy during Pregnancy and Child Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review (International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021) Cochrane review Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Evidence report/technology assessment (Summary), 1999) Meta-analysis Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017) Meta-analysis Prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity in treatment-seeking problem gamblers: A systematic review and meta-analysis (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2015) Meta-analysis Smoking behavior characteristics of non-selected smokers with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) history: a systematic review and meta-analysis (European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2014) Meta-analysis Stimulant medication and substance use outcomes: a meta-analysis (JAMA psychiatry, 2013) Systematic review Methylphenidate abuse and misuse in patients affected with a psychiatric disorder and a substance use disorder: a systematic review (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2024) Systematic review Mental health dished up-the use of iPSC models in neuropsychiatric research (Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2020) Systematic review Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology: A systematic review (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2015) Clinical trial publication ADHD symptoms and smoking outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of varenicline for adolescent and young adult tobacco cessation (Drug and alcohol dependence, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APOMORPHINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ASPIRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATIPAMEZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMOCRIPTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAPIVASERTIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CELIPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00556959 — Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of CLONICEL® to Treat Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00152750 — Study of Clonidine on Sleep Architecture in Children With Tourette's Syndrome (TS) and Comorbid ADHD (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00641329 — CLONICEL (Clonidine Sustained Release) as Add-on to Stimulant Medication in 6 to 17 Yr-olds With ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) NCT07044609 — A Study to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Clonidine Extended-Release OnydaTM XR in Children With ADHD and ODD (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT05916339 — AWARE: Management of ADHD in Autism Spectrum Disorder (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00031395 — Clonidine in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00723190 — Open-Label, Chronic Exposure, Safety Study of CLONICEL (Clonidine HCl Sustained Release) in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review An Evaluation on the Efficacy and Safety of Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: a Comparison of Multiple Treatments (Molecular neurobiology, 2017) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and Safety of Extended-Release Clonidine Hydrochloride for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Clonidine extended-release tablets as add-on therapy to psychostimulants in children and adolescents with ADHD (Pediatrics, 2011) Clinical trial publication Clonidine extended-release tablets for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYCLOBENZAPRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMIDATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EVEROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FENOLDOPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANABENZ Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GUANABENZ ACETATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Cochrane View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Systematic review Summary of the comparative effectiveness review on off-label use of atypical antipsychotics (Journal of managed care pharmacy : JMCP, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 1 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) Published literature Cochrane review In-utero exposure to antihypertensive medication and neonatal and child health outcomes: a systematic review (Journal of hypertension, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVONORDEFRIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLDOPA ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHYLDOPATE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILNACIPRAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIRTAZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXONIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	7 trials 6 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 67 Trial pubs 41 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01912352 — Gene-environment Interactions and Brain Functional Connectivity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (COMPLETED) NA NCT00983814 — Study of Droxidopa Treatment in Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder With Co-administration of Carbidopa (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT06573970 — Atomoxetine and Executive Function in PTSD (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00757029 — Pharmacogenetic Study of Methylphenidate in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00914095 — Study of Methylphenidate to Treat Gait Disorders And Attention Deficit In Parkinson's Disease (PARKGAIT-II) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05972044 — A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Solriamfetol in Subjects With ADHD (FOCUS) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00862108 — Methylphenidate Treatment Response Study of Genetic Polymorphism in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and Safety of Centanafadine in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Psychopharmacology bulletin, 2026) Cochrane review Atomoxetine Versus Placebo for Cognitive Deficits in Stimulant Use Disorder: A Systematic Review (Substance use & addiction journal, 2026) Cochrane review Safety and efficacy of dasotraline for patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 1594 patients including GRADE qualifications (Psychopharmacology, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of established and off-label ADHD drug therapies for cognitive impairment or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in bipolar disorder: A systematic review by the ISBD Targeting Cognition Task Force (Bipolar disorders, 2024) Cochrane review Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a comprehensive review (Annals of medicine and surgery (2012), 2023) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis on the efficacy of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors reboxetine and atomoxetine for the treatment of schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University, 2023) Meta-analysis Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) During Pregnancy and the Risk for Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the Offspring: A True Effect or a Bias? A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis (Current neuropharmacology, 2021) Meta-analysis Neonatal and Childhood Outcomes in Offspring of Pregnant Women Using Antidepressant Medications: A Critical Review of Current Meta-Analyses (Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2021) Systematic review Systematic review of animal studies on the use of herbal medicine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2026) Systematic review Role of serotonin in the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic literature review (Expert opinion on therapeutic targets, 2025) Systematic review Role of serotonin in psychiatric and somatic comorbidities of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic literature review (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2025) Clinical trial publication Centanafadine for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01246765 — National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications (RECRUITING) NCT01000402 — Juvenile Bipolar Disorder Outpatient Program (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00205699 — Metabolic Effects of Antipsychotics in Children (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01057329 — Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, tolerability, and acceptability of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of children, adolescents, and young adults with Tourette's syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (The Lancet. Child & adolescent health, 2023) Cochrane review Meta-analysis Association of Antipsychotic Drug Exposure in Pregnancy With Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A National Birth Cohort Study (JAMA internal medicine, 2022) Systematic review Summary of the comparative effectiveness review on off-label use of atypical antipsychotics (Journal of managed care pharmacy : JMCP, 2012) Clinical trial publication Combination use of atomoxetine hydrochloride and olanzapine in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid disruptive behavior disorder in children and adolescents 10-18 years of age (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2013) Clinical trial publication Lack of effect of stimulant combination with second-generation antipsychotics on weight gain, metabolic changes, prolactin levels, and sedation in youth with clinically relevant aggression or oppositionality (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2009) Clinical trial publication Effectiveness and tolerability of open label olanzapine in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2008) Clinical trial publication Open-label olanzapine treatment in five preadolescent children (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 1998) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PERGOLIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of drugs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis (European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2018) Clinical trial publication Pindolol and methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical efficacy and side-effects (Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 1996) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPYLHEXEDRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REMIFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RILMENIDINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAZODONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEMURAFENIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
VIDARABINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
YOHIMBINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	14 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE ASPARTATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CENTANAFADINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CENTANAFADINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOCONEXENT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELTOPRAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMOXYPINE SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINKGO	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MARITIME PINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLINDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLINDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERDEXMETHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILOXAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+/-)NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMANTADINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPRELOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARIPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD1446	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAVISANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRADANICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BREXPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUSPIRONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIVARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIGEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIPRALISANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CX-717	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CX1739	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EDIVOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASORACETAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICOSAPENT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISPRONICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOMEFOLIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOBELINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAZINDOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-0249	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-8777	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NS-2359	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3-ACID ETHYL ESTERS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYTOCIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-03654746	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHOSPHATIDYL SERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POZANICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REBOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOFINICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ST. JOHN'S WORT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEANINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIPEPIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLCAPONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VORTIOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABT-107	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMILORIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAHISTINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRILAROXAZINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCITRIOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIFORADENANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GTS-21	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ND0801	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM GLUCONATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAK-137	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCARNITINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADRAFINIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALTROPANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANIRACETAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARMODAFINIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITICOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASOTRALINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEANOL ACEGLUMATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESIPRAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SACCHARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENETHYLLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOZOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIPEXIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVOXAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDEBENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINOPIRDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEBICAR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECLOFENOXATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIZOFENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXIRACETAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEMOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENIBUT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPRADROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRACETAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRISUDANOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIRACETAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROLINTANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPENTOFYLLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRITINOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERDEXMETHYLPHENIDATE CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLRIAMFETOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILOXAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VINPOCETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
AMPHETAMINE ASPARTATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CENTANAFADINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CENTANAFADINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOCONEXENT	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELTOPRAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EMOXYPINE SUCCINATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GINKGO	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MARITIME PINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELATONIN	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLINDONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MOLINDONE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SAPROPTERIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERDEXMETHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOPIRAMATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
UBIDECARENONE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILOXAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
(+/-)NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCYSTEINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMANTADINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPRELOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARIPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AZD1446	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BAVISANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRADANICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BREXPIPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUPROPION	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BUSPIRONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIDIVARIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CANNABIGEROL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARNITINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIPRALISANT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CX-717	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CX1739	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DRONABINOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DROXIDOPA	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DULOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
EDIVOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FASORACETAM	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ICOSAPENT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISPRONICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVOMEFOLIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LOBELINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MAZINDOL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-0249	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MK-8777	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	8 trials 4 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 32 Trial pubs 26 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00736255 — Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Smoking Cessation Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT05584059 — Pai.ACT Programme for Parents of Children With Special Healthcare Needs - Phase I (RECRUITING) NA NCT01012375 — Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Tolerability of AZD1446 in Adult ADHD Patients. (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02266784 — Contingency Management, Quitting Smoking, and ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT06038942 — Formal Versus Informal Mindfulness Among University Students With Self-reported ADHD, Nonsuicidal Self-injury, or Stress (COMPLETED) NA NCT01123668 — Neuroimaging of Smokers With and Without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) NCT02599571 — Effects of Nicotine Reduction on Smoking Behavior in ADHD Smokers (TERMINATED) NA NCT00573248 — Nicotine and Behavior in Adult ADHD (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review RETRACTED: The association between maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PloS one, 2025) Cochrane review Tobacco and ADHD: A Role of MAO-Inhibition in Nicotine Dependence and Alleviation of ADHD Symptoms (Frontiers in neuroscience, 2022) Cochrane review Nicotine Replacement Therapy during Pregnancy and Child Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review (International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021) Cochrane review Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Evidence report/technology assessment (Summary), 1999) Meta-analysis Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017) Meta-analysis Prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity in treatment-seeking problem gamblers: A systematic review and meta-analysis (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2015) Meta-analysis Smoking behavior characteristics of non-selected smokers with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) history: a systematic review and meta-analysis (European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2014) Meta-analysis Stimulant medication and substance use outcomes: a meta-analysis (JAMA psychiatry, 2013) Systematic review Methylphenidate abuse and misuse in patients affected with a psychiatric disorder and a substance use disorder: a systematic review (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2024) Systematic review Mental health dished up-the use of iPSC models in neuropsychiatric research (Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2020) Systematic review Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology: A systematic review (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2015) Clinical trial publication ADHD symptoms and smoking outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of varenicline for adolescent and young adult tobacco cessation (Drug and alcohol dependence, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NS-2359	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEGA-3-ACID ETHYL ESTERS	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXYTOCIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PF-03654746	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHOSPHATIDYL SERINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POZANICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
QUETIAPINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
REBOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOFINICLINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ST. JOHN'S WORT	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEANINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIPEPIDINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLCAPONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VORTIOXETINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABT-107	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMILORIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAHISTINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRILAROXAZINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CALCITRIOL	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIFORADENANT	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GTS-21	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ND0801	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
POTASSIUM GLUCONATE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAK-137	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETYLCARNITINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADRAFINIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALTROPANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	8 trials 17 Cochrane 20 Meta-analysis 117 Trial pubs 103 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01711021 — Study to Evaluate Safety & Efficacy of d-Amphetamine Transdermal System vs Placebo in Children & Adolescents With ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00736255 — Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Smoking Cessation Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT01106430 — Comparison of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate With Atomoxetine HCl in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Subjects With an Inadequate Response to Methylphenidate (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01552902 — Effectiveness of Vyvanse Compared to Concerta in Adolescents With Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03659929 — Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Study With Amphetamine Sulfate (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02259517 — An fMRI Study of Stimulant vs. Non-Stimulant Treatment of ADHD (TERMINATED) NA NCT01328756 — Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate 2-year Safety Study in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00753012 — Cardiovascular Study of Lisdexamfetamine in Healthy and Hypertensive Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adults (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Effect of amphetamines on blood pressure (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of established and off-label ADHD drug therapies for cognitive impairment or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in bipolar disorder: A systematic review by the ISBD Targeting Cognition Task Force (Bipolar disorders, 2024) Cochrane review Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Cochrane review A review of Cochrane reviews on pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Dementia & neuropsychologia, 2021) Cochrane review ADHD Prescription Medications and Their Effect on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Sports medicine - open, 2022) Meta-analysis Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis: Moderators of Response to Stimulants for Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2026) Meta-analysis Safety of Stimulants Across Patient Populations: A Meta-Analysis (JAMA network open, 2025) Meta-analysis Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (PloS one, 2020) Meta-analysis Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Lisdexamfetamine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Methylphenidate, and Modafinil in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2019) Systematic review Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis to Medications for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies (CNS drugs, 2026) Systematic review Therapeutic Reference Ranges for ADHD Drugs in Blood of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review by the AGNP TDM-Task Force (Pharmacopsychiatry, 2026) Systematic review Challenges in amphetamine medication availability for individuals with ADHD: a narrative review of the current state of evidence (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMPHETAMINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ANIRACETAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARMODAFINIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ATOMOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CAFFEINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CITICOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DASOTRALINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEANOL ACEGLUMATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DESIPRAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SACCHARATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXTROMETHORPHAN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENETHYLLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENOZOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FIPEXIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUVOXAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDEBENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LINOPIRDINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
LISDEXAMFETAMINE DIMESYLATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEBICAR	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECLOFENOXATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEMANTINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAMPHETAMINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MODAFINIL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NABIXIMOLS	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NIZOFENONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OXIRACETAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEMOLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENIBUT	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIPRADROL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRACETAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PIRISUDANOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAMIRACETAM	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROLINTANE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPENTOFYLLINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PYRITINOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SERDEXMETHYLPHENIDATE CHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
SOLRIAMFETOL	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VILOXAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
VINPOCETINE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACEBUTOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADENOSINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMINOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 17 Cochrane 20 Meta-analysis 117 Trial pubs 103 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01711021 — Study to Evaluate Safety & Efficacy of d-Amphetamine Transdermal System vs Placebo in Children & Adolescents With ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT00736255 — Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Smoking Cessation Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT01106430 — Comparison of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate With Atomoxetine HCl in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Subjects With an Inadequate Response to Methylphenidate (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01552902 — Effectiveness of Vyvanse Compared to Concerta in Adolescents With Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03659929 — Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Study With Amphetamine Sulfate (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02259517 — An fMRI Study of Stimulant vs. Non-Stimulant Treatment of ADHD (TERMINATED) NA NCT01328756 — Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate 2-year Safety Study in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00753012 — Cardiovascular Study of Lisdexamfetamine in Healthy and Hypertensive Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Adults (COMPLETED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Effect of amphetamines on blood pressure (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of established and off-label ADHD drug therapies for cognitive impairment or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in bipolar disorder: A systematic review by the ISBD Targeting Cognition Task Force (Bipolar disorders, 2024) Cochrane review Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2023) Cochrane review A review of Cochrane reviews on pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Dementia & neuropsychologia, 2021) Cochrane review ADHD Prescription Medications and Their Effect on Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Sports medicine - open, 2022) Meta-analysis Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis: Moderators of Response to Stimulants for Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2026) Meta-analysis Safety of Stimulants Across Patient Populations: A Meta-Analysis (JAMA network open, 2025) Meta-analysis Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (PloS one, 2020) Meta-analysis Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Lisdexamfetamine, Mixed Amphetamine Salts, Methylphenidate, and Modafinil in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2019) Systematic review Tolerance and Tachyphylaxis to Medications for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies (CNS drugs, 2026) Systematic review Therapeutic Reference Ranges for ADHD Drugs in Blood of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review by the AGNP TDM-Task Force (Pharmacopsychiatry, 2026) Systematic review Challenges in amphetamine medication availability for individuals with ADHD: a narrative review of the current state of evidence (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APOMORPHINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APRACLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ASENAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ASPIRIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATENOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATIPAMEZOLE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ATROPINE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BENZPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BETAXOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BETHANIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BISOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
BRIMONIDINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROMOCRIPTINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CABERGOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAFFEINE CITRATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CAPIVASERTIB Repurposing via AKT3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARVEDILOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CELIPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CHLORPROMAZINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLONIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 3 Trial pubs 3 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00556959 — Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of CLONICEL® to Treat Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00152750 — Study of Clonidine on Sleep Architecture in Children With Tourette's Syndrome (TS) and Comorbid ADHD (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00641329 — CLONICEL (Clonidine Sustained Release) as Add-on to Stimulant Medication in 6 to 17 Yr-olds With ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) NCT07044609 — A Study to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Clonidine Extended-Release OnydaTM XR in Children With ADHD and ODD (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT05916339 — AWARE: Management of ADHD in Autism Spectrum Disorder (RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00031395 — Clonidine in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00723190 — Open-Label, Chronic Exposure, Safety Study of CLONICEL (Clonidine HCl Sustained Release) in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review An Evaluation on the Efficacy and Safety of Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: a Comparison of Multiple Treatments (Molecular neurobiology, 2017) Clinical trial publication Efficacy and Safety of Extended-Release Clonidine Hydrochloride for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2026) Clinical trial publication Clonidine extended-release tablets as add-on therapy to psychostimulants in children and adolescents with ADHD (Pediatrics, 2011) Clinical trial publication Clonidine extended-release tablets for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2011) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
CYCLOBENZAPRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEBRISOQUIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEFIBROTIDE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DEXMEDETOMIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIPIVEFRIN Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
DOPAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DOXAZOSIN MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DROXIDOPA Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPHEDRINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ERGOLOID MESYLATES, USP Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESMOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETOMIDATE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
EVEROLIMUS Repurposing via AKT3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FENOLDOPAM Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLAVONE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANABENZ Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
GUANABENZ ACETATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUANFACINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
HYDROXYAMPHETAMINE HYDROBROMIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ILOPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Cochrane View evidence Published literature Cochrane review Systematic review Summary of the comparative effectiveness review on off-label use of atypical antipsychotics (Journal of managed care pharmacy : JMCP, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROTERENOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISTRADEFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 trials 1 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT04278404 — Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Profile of Understudied Drugs Administered to Children Per Standard of Care (POPS) (RECRUITING) Published literature Cochrane review In-utero exposure to antihypertensive medication and neonatal and child health outcomes: a systematic review (Journal of hypertension, 2017) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LEVODOPA Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LEVONORDEFRIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
LOFEXIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
LURASIDONE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MEFLOQUINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPERIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MEPHENTERMINE SULFATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHAMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLDOPA ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHYLDOPATE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILNACIPRAN Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MIRTAZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXISYLYTE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MOXONIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NADOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPHAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NAPHAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NEBIVOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NICARDIPINE Repurposing via ADORA3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NICOTINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	8 trials 4 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 32 Trial pubs 26 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00736255 — Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Smoking Cessation Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT05584059 — Pai.ACT Programme for Parents of Children With Special Healthcare Needs - Phase I (RECRUITING) NA NCT01012375 — Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Tolerability of AZD1446 in Adult ADHD Patients. (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT02266784 — Contingency Management, Quitting Smoking, and ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT06038942 — Formal Versus Informal Mindfulness Among University Students With Self-reported ADHD, Nonsuicidal Self-injury, or Stress (COMPLETED) NA NCT01123668 — Neuroimaging of Smokers With and Without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) NCT02599571 — Effects of Nicotine Reduction on Smoking Behavior in ADHD Smokers (TERMINATED) NA NCT00573248 — Nicotine and Behavior in Adult ADHD (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review RETRACTED: The association between maternal tobacco smoking during pregnancy and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PloS one, 2025) Cochrane review Tobacco and ADHD: A Role of MAO-Inhibition in Nicotine Dependence and Alleviation of ADHD Symptoms (Frontiers in neuroscience, 2022) Cochrane review Nicotine Replacement Therapy during Pregnancy and Child Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review (International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021) Cochrane review Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Evidence report/technology assessment (Summary), 1999) Meta-analysis Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2017) Meta-analysis Prevalence of psychiatric co-morbidity in treatment-seeking problem gamblers: A systematic review and meta-analysis (The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2015) Meta-analysis Smoking behavior characteristics of non-selected smokers with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) history: a systematic review and meta-analysis (European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2014) Meta-analysis Stimulant medication and substance use outcomes: a meta-analysis (JAMA psychiatry, 2013) Systematic review Methylphenidate abuse and misuse in patients affected with a psychiatric disorder and a substance use disorder: a systematic review (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2024) Systematic review Mental health dished up-the use of iPSC models in neuropsychiatric research (Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 2020) Systematic review Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology: A systematic review (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2015) Clinical trial publication ADHD symptoms and smoking outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of varenicline for adolescent and young adult tobacco cessation (Drug and alcohol dependence, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NOREPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	7 trials 6 Cochrane 10 Meta-analysis 67 Trial pubs 41 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01912352 — Gene-environment Interactions and Brain Functional Connectivity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (COMPLETED) NA NCT00983814 — Study of Droxidopa Treatment in Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder With Co-administration of Carbidopa (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT06573970 — Atomoxetine and Executive Function in PTSD (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT00757029 — Pharmacogenetic Study of Methylphenidate in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00914095 — Study of Methylphenidate to Treat Gait Disorders And Attention Deficit In Parkinson's Disease (PARKGAIT-II) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT05972044 — A Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Solriamfetol in Subjects With ADHD (FOCUS) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00862108 — Methylphenidate Treatment Response Study of Genetic Polymorphism in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and Safety of Centanafadine in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Psychopharmacology bulletin, 2026) Cochrane review Atomoxetine Versus Placebo for Cognitive Deficits in Stimulant Use Disorder: A Systematic Review (Substance use & addiction journal, 2026) Cochrane review Safety and efficacy of dasotraline for patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 1594 patients including GRADE qualifications (Psychopharmacology, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of established and off-label ADHD drug therapies for cognitive impairment or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in bipolar disorder: A systematic review by the ISBD Targeting Cognition Task Force (Bipolar disorders, 2024) Cochrane review Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a comprehensive review (Annals of medicine and surgery (2012), 2023) Meta-analysis Meta-analysis on the efficacy of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors reboxetine and atomoxetine for the treatment of schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Advances in clinical and experimental medicine : official organ Wroclaw Medical University, 2023) Meta-analysis Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) During Pregnancy and the Risk for Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the Offspring: A True Effect or a Bias? A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis (Current neuropharmacology, 2021) Meta-analysis Neonatal and Childhood Outcomes in Offspring of Pregnant Women Using Antidepressant Medications: A Critical Review of Current Meta-Analyses (Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2021) Systematic review Systematic review of animal studies on the use of herbal medicine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Frontiers in psychiatry, 2026) Systematic review Role of serotonin in the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic literature review (Expert opinion on therapeutic targets, 2025) Systematic review Role of serotonin in psychiatric and somatic comorbidities of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic literature review (Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2025) Clinical trial publication Centanafadine for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
NOREPINEPHRINE BITARTRATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORTRIPTYLINE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLANZAPINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	4 trials 2 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 4 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01246765 — National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications (RECRUITING) NCT01000402 — Juvenile Bipolar Disorder Outpatient Program (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT00205699 — Metabolic Effects of Antipsychotics in Children (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT01057329 — Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (COMPLETED) Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, tolerability, and acceptability of pharmacological interventions for the treatment of children, adolescents, and young adults with Tourette's syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis (The Lancet. Child & adolescent health, 2023) Cochrane review Meta-analysis Association of Antipsychotic Drug Exposure in Pregnancy With Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A National Birth Cohort Study (JAMA internal medicine, 2022) Systematic review Summary of the comparative effectiveness review on off-label use of atypical antipsychotics (Journal of managed care pharmacy : JMCP, 2012) Clinical trial publication Combination use of atomoxetine hydrochloride and olanzapine in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid disruptive behavior disorder in children and adolescents 10-18 years of age (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2013) Clinical trial publication Lack of effect of stimulant combination with second-generation antipsychotics on weight gain, metabolic changes, prolactin levels, and sedation in youth with clinically relevant aggression or oppositionality (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2009) Clinical trial publication Effectiveness and tolerability of open label olanzapine in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2008) Clinical trial publication Open-label olanzapine treatment in five preadolescent children (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 1998) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OXTRIPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
OXYMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PENTOXIFYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PERGOLIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENTOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PINDOLOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	1 Meta-analysis 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis Efficacy and safety of drugs for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis (European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2018) Clinical trial publication Pindolol and methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical efficacy and side-effects (Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 1996) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
PROPYLHEXEDRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE POLISTIREX Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RACEPINEPHRINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA (USP) Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REGADENOSON Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
REGADENOSON ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
REMIFENTANIL HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RILMENIDINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
RISPERIDONE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SODIUM CHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SOTALOL Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TETRAHYDROZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TETRAHYDROZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
THEOPHYLLINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
THEOPHYLLINE SODIUM GLYCINATE Repurposing via ADORA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TIZANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOLAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TOLAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRAZODONE Repurposing via ADRA2A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VEMURAFENIB Repurposing via AKT3	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
VIDARABINE Repurposing via ADORA2B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLAZINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
YOHIMBINE Repurposing via ADRA2C	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	14 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ADORA1	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

84 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked)

Reference lookups: GreenMedInfo · Examine.com

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Meta Analysis Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation exhibits therapeutic value in the tr… Human Study The combination of omega-3 and Korean red ginseng may have beneficial e… Human Study A combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids as well as magnesium a…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	8 trials 3 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT02114632 — Supplementation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT01340690 — Efficacy Study of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00819429 — Supplements and Social Skills Intervention Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT01807299 — The Effect of Physical Training and the Omega 3 Consumption on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children (COMPLETED) NA NCT00874536 — Omega-3 Supplementation and Attention-deficit-hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT01778647 — Omega-3 Fatty Acids as an Adjunctive Therapy for Stimulants in Children With ADHD (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT07521449 — Effects of Phosphatidylserine and DHA on Cognitive Performance in Children With ADHD (COMPLETED) NA NCT02204410 — Omega-3 Supplementation to ADHD Medication in Children (COMPLETED) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Vitamin D3 Natural product Human Study Comparison of vitamin D, neurofeedback, and neurofeedback combined with… Human Study Effect of 25 hydroxyvitamin D on attention deficit and hyperactivity in… Human Study Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of ADH…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	4 trials 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT04386811 — Vitamin D as a Therapeutic Adjunct in the Stimulant Treatment of ADHD: a Proof-of-concept Tele-health Study of Stimulant-induced Improvement in Neurocognitive Functioning. (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT04284059 — Adjuvant Effects of Vitamin A and Vitamin D Supplementation on Treatment of Children With ADHD (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT02248948 — Superiority of Omega-3 Versus Placebo on the Improvement of ADHD in Children (COMPLETED) NA NCT03103750 — Vitamin D as a Therapeutic Adjunct in the Stimulant Treatment of ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Meta Analysis Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation exhibits therapeutic value in the tr… Human Study The combination of omega-3 and Korean red ginseng may have beneficial e… Human Study A combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids as well as magnesium a…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	8 trials 3 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT02114632 — Supplementation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT01340690 — Efficacy Study of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00819429 — Supplements and Social Skills Intervention Study (COMPLETED) NA NCT01807299 — The Effect of Physical Training and the Omega 3 Consumption on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children (COMPLETED) NA NCT00874536 — Omega-3 Supplementation and Attention-deficit-hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT01778647 — Omega-3 Fatty Acids as an Adjunctive Therapy for Stimulants in Children With ADHD (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT07521449 — Effects of Phosphatidylserine and DHA on Cognitive Performance in Children With ADHD (COMPLETED) NA NCT02204410 — Omega-3 Supplementation to ADHD Medication in Children (COMPLETED) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Magnesium Natural product Cochrane review Environmental pollutant exposure and adverse neurodevelopmental outcome… Meta Analysis The evidence from this meta-analysis supports the theory that an invers… Human Study A combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids as well as magnesium a…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	8 trials 1 Cochrane 5 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01340690 — Efficacy Study of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT03709940 — Brain Connectivity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT00218114 — Divalproex Sodium (Depakote) for Explosive Tempers in Adolescents and Adults (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03642405 — Drug-induced Repolarization ECG Changes (UNKNOWN) NCT02558790 — L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt (L-TAMS) in ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT06057441 — Auditory and Visual Noise as Possible Non-pharmacological Treatment of ADHD in School Children (COMPLETED) NA NCT02048241 — Intuniv vs Placebo in the Treatment of Childhood Intermittent Explosive Disorder (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03368690 — Therapeutic Effects of Pine Bark Extracts in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Environmental pollutant exposure and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes: An umbrella review and evidence grading of meta-analyses (Journal of hazardous materials, 2025) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Zinc Natural product Human Study A combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids as well as magnesium a… Human Study Zinc may have a therapeutic role in the treatment of ADD/ADHD. Human Study Zinc supplementation is safe and effective in treating patients with AD…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	3 trials 5 Cochrane 8 Meta-analysis 14 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT01340690 — Efficacy Study of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT00704990 — Combination Natural Health Product in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01022229 — The Safety and Efficacy of a Compound Natural Health Product in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Vitamin D3 Natural product Human Study Comparison of vitamin D, neurofeedback, and neurofeedback combined with… Human Study Effect of 25 hydroxyvitamin D on attention deficit and hyperactivity in… Human Study Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of ADH…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	10	4 trials 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT04386811 — Vitamin D as a Therapeutic Adjunct in the Stimulant Treatment of ADHD: a Proof-of-concept Tele-health Study of Stimulant-induced Improvement in Neurocognitive Functioning. (TERMINATED) PHASE1 NCT04284059 — Adjuvant Effects of Vitamin A and Vitamin D Supplementation on Treatment of Children With ADHD (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT02248948 — Superiority of Omega-3 Versus Placebo on the Improvement of ADHD in Children (COMPLETED) NA NCT03103750 — Vitamin D as a Therapeutic Adjunct in the Stimulant Treatment of ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE1 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Vitamin C Natural product Clinical trial publication The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on at… Clinical trial publication The influence of short-chain essential fatty acids on children with att… Clinical trial publication Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of Att…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	5 trials 3 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT03333668 — Experimental fMRI Study of Guanfacine and Lisdexamfetamine in ADHD Adolescents (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03709940 — Brain Connectivity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) NA NCT05600881 — Towards an Understanding of the Mechanism of Action of Methylphenidate in ADHD (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT00704990 — Combination Natural Health Product in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01022229 — The Safety and Efficacy of a Compound Natural Health Product in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Clinical trial publication The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms: a randomized controlled clinical trial (European journal of nutrition, 2021) Clinical trial publication The influence of short-chain essential fatty acids on children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study (Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 2009) Clinical trial publication Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids, 2006) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Probiotics Natural product Human Study Bifidobacterium bifidum supplement in children with attention-deficit/h… Human Study Children and adolescents with ADHD who received Lactobacillus rhamnosus… Human Study Lactobacillus acidophilus LB supplementation combined with atomoxetine…	Probiotic	Phase I	Emerging	7	8 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT06348121 — Impact of Probiotics on Children With ADHD (COMPLETED) NA NCT04333394 — Effectiveness of Probiotic Supplement In Improving Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms (UNKNOWN) NA NCT04167995 — Assessment of Probiotics Lactobacillus in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT06005506 — National Multicenter Interventional Study Aimed at Evaluating the Effect on the Intestinal Microbiota in Chronically Frail Patients Who Share Alterations in Intestinal Function. (COMPLETED) NA NCT07459699 — Effects of Probiotics on the Gut-brain Axis in Children (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NA NCT06226584 — Multi-strain Probiotics for ADHD (UNKNOWN) NA NCT03858816 — Efficacy of Multiple Strain Probiotics Reduces the Neurobehavioral Disorder in Premature Very Low Birth Weight Infants (WITHDRAWN) NA NCT05167110 — Nutritional Intervention for Children With ASD and/or ADHD (COMPLETED) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov, GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Melatonin Natural product Meta Analysis Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation exhibits therapeutic value in the tr… Human Study Children and adolescents with ADHD who received Lactobacillus rhamnosus… Human Study Comparison of vitamin D, neurofeedback, and neurofeedback combined with…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	7	8 trials 8 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03062839 — Melatonin as Adjuvant Treatment for ADHD in Adults (UNKNOWN) PHASE3 NCT00867451 — Improving Sleep and Daytime Functioning Among Children Diagnosed With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (COMPLETED) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT03730194 — A SMART Design to Improve Sleep Disturbance in Adolescents With Neurodevelopmental Disorders (COMPLETED) NA NCT06194162 — Weighted Blankets for Sleep Disturbance Among Children With ADHD (RECRUITING) NA NCT01393574 — Comparing Treatment With Melatonin to Treatment With Stimulants (Methylphenidate) in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Sleep Difficulties (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT06971640 — Advancing Identification of Circadian Delay in ADHD Youth: Associations With Clinical Heterogeneity and Cognition (RECRUITING) NCT04318067 — Melatonin in ADHD and Sleep Problems (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT06808425 — Intervention With Weighted Blankets for Children With ADHD and Sleep Problems: Implementation and Effectiveness (RECRUITING) NA CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Iron Natural product Meta Analysis Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation exhibits therapeutic value in the tr… Human Study Children and adolescents with ADHD who received Lactobacillus rhamnosus… Human Study Comparison of vitamin D, neurofeedback, and neurofeedback combined with…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	7	3 trials 16 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT06504693 — Iron Status in Children With ADHD (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT07061470 — A Clinical Trial of Iron Supplementation for Youth With ADHD and Restless Sleep (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT04144790 — Impact of Iron Supplementation Treatment on Brain Iron Concentrations (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Human Study Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disord…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	7	2 trials 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02315651 — Efficacy of Combined Treatment With CoQ10 and Methylphenidate in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (UNKNOWN) NA NCT04216186 — Role of Coenzyme Q in ADHD in Children (RECRUITING) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Saffron Natural product Human Study Short-term therapy with saffron capsule showed the same efficacy compar… Human Study These results show that the efficacy of saffron is comparable to that o… Review Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and inflammation: natural prod…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 RCT View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Pycnogenol Natural product Cochrane review Safety and efficacy of antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents… Cochrane review Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity d… Cochrane review Pycnogenol® (extract of French maritime pine bark) for the treatment of…	Botanical	Phase III	Emerging	7	2 trials 4 Cochrane 6 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02700685 — Effect of Pycnogenol® on ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03368690 — Therapeutic Effects of Pine Bark Extracts in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Cochrane review Safety and efficacy of antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (PloS one, 2024) Cochrane review Immediate-release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2021) Cochrane review Pycnogenol® (extract of French maritime pine bark) for the treatment of chronic disorders (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012) Cochrane review Pycnogenol(®) for the treatment of chronic disorders (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2012) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Bacopa Natural product Meta-analysis Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of B… Randomized controlled trial A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of a Special Ex… Human Study Effects of Bacopa monnieri in a population of males exhibiting inattent…	Ayurvedic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	1 Meta-analysis 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Meta-analysis Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract (Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2014) Randomized controlled trial A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of a Special Extract of Bacopa monnieri (CDRI 08) on Hyperactivity and Inattention in Male Children and Adolescents: BACHI Study Protocol (ANZCTRN12612000827831) (Nutrients, 2015) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Chamomile Natural product Human Study Chamomile has therapeutic value in the treatment of ADHD.	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Lactobacillus Natural product Meta-analysis Microbiome dynamics in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A syst… Human Study Children and adolescents with ADHD who received Lactobacillus rhamnosus… Human Study Lactobacillus acidophilus LB supplementation combined with atomoxetine…	Probiotic	Phase I	Emerging	7	6 trials 1 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT04333394 — Effectiveness of Probiotic Supplement In Improving Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms (UNKNOWN) NA NCT04167995 — Assessment of Probiotics Lactobacillus in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT06005506 — National Multicenter Interventional Study Aimed at Evaluating the Effect on the Intestinal Microbiota in Chronically Frail Patients Who Share Alterations in Intestinal Function. (COMPLETED) NA NCT07419659 — Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Patients With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION) NA NCT07665658 — Effectiveness of Neuroplasticity-Targeted Supplements on Neuroinflammatory Markers, ADHD Symptom Severity, and Clinical Scores in Children (RECRUITING) NA NCT03495375 — Treating Impulsivity in Adults With Probiotics (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Meta-analysis Microbiome dynamics in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis decoding the role of gut dysbiosis and potential dietary interventions (European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2026) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Coenzyme Q10 Natural product Human Study Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disord…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	7	2 trials 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02315651 — Efficacy of Combined Treatment With CoQ10 and Methylphenidate in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (UNKNOWN) NA NCT04216186 — Role of Coenzyme Q in ADHD in Children (RECRUITING) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Valerian Natural product Human Study Combined treatment with valerian and lemon balm provides a viable optio…	Botanical	Phase III	Emerging	7	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00782080 — Efficacy and Safety of St. John´s Wort/Valerian Extract Versus Placebo in Children and Adolescents With ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
L-Theanine Natural product Human Study Effects of L-theanine-caffeine combination on sustained attention and i…	Amino acid	Phase II	Emerging	7	4 trials 2 Cochrane View evidence Registry trials NCT05857956 — A Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy of a Plant-based Energy Shot on Focus and ADHD-like Symptoms (COMPLETED) NA NCT07189442 — L-theanine and Paraxanthine for Cognitive Improvement in Adults With ADHD and ASD (RECRUITING) NA NCT03533556 — Effects of L-theanine and Caffeine on Attention and Attention-related Brain Activity of Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (COMPLETED) EARLY_PHASE1 NCT00291070 — Effects of L-Theanine in Boys With ADHD (COMPLETED) PHASE2 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Iron Natural product Meta Analysis Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation exhibits therapeutic value in the tr… Human Study Children and adolescents with ADHD who received Lactobacillus rhamnosus… Human Study Comparison of vitamin D, neurofeedback, and neurofeedback combined with…	Nutraceutical	Phase II	Emerging	7	3 trials 16 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT06504693 — Iron Status in Children With ADHD (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT07061470 — A Clinical Trial of Iron Supplementation for Youth With ADHD and Restless Sleep (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE1, PHASE2 NCT04144790 — Impact of Iron Supplementation Treatment on Brain Iron Concentrations (COMPLETED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Resveratrol Natural product Human Study Pinebark reduces urinary catecholamines (excitatory neurotransmitters)… Human Study Resveratrol adjunct to methylphenidate improves symptoms of attention-d… Review ADHD impacted by sulfotransferase (SULT1A) inhibition from artificial f…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Fenugreek Natural product Animal Study Omega-3 rich oils attenuate ADHD-like behaviour induced by dietary mono…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Black Seed Oil Natural product Animal Study The protective effect of thymoquinone or/and thymol against monosodium…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Curcumin Natural product Curcumin for attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: a systematic rev…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Egcg Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Ashwagandha Natural product Self-administered complementary and alternative methods of treating men… Potential clinical applications of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in… Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Ashwagandha): A comprehensive review on…	Ayurvedic	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
L-Carnitine Natural product L-Carnitine in the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Manifestat… Safety and efficacy of antioxidant therapy in children and adolescents… Acetyl-L-carnitine as an adjunctive therapy in the treatment of attenti…	Amino acid	Preclinical	Emerging	7	—	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Ginkgo Biloba Natural product Human Study American Ginseng (in combination with Ginkgo biloba) impoves symptoms o… Human Study Ginkgo biloba appears to improve patients with attention-deficit disord… Human Study Ginkgo biloba is an effective complementary treatment for attention-def…	Botanical	Preclinical	Emerging	2	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Cgs-15943 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Neca Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Terazosin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Yohimbine Natural product Modulation of Spatial Memory Deficit and Hyperactivity in Dopamine Tran… Involvement of the Hippocampal Alpha2A-Adrenoceptors in Anxiety-Related… Differences in trait impulsivity do not bias the response to pharmacolo…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Indoramin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Phentolamine Natural product Atomoxetine-Induced Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma Crisis Managed W… Selenoprotein T, a potential treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivi… Effect of atomoxetine on ADHD-pain hypersensitization comorbidity in 6-…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Prazosin Natural product Amphetamine promotes cortical Up state: Role of adrenergic receptors Selective activation of Dopamine D3 receptors and norepinephrine transp… Progress in Developing Pharmacologic Agents to Treat Bulimia Nervosa	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Zm-241385 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Tamsulosin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Clonidine Natural product Efficacy and Safety of Extended-Release Clonidine Hydrochloride for Att… Comparative cardiovascular safety of medications for attention-deficit… Raynaud Syndrome Associated with Medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyper…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Apraclonidine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Doxazosin Natural product Clinical spectrum of the osmotic-controlled release oral delivery syste…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Mianserin Natural product Serotoninergics attenuate hyperlocomotor activity in rats. Potential ne… Reversible and selective inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A in mental an…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Akuammigine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Rauwolscine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Corynantheine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Oxymetazoline Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
1,3-DIPROPYL-8-CYCLOPENTYLXANTHINE [Dpcpx] Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
8-PHENYL Theophylline Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Namodenoson Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Atipamezole Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Vancomycin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Desglymidodrine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Phenylpropanolamine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Dexniguldipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Niguldipine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Staurosporine Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Gsk-690693 Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Ruboxistaurin Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
(E)-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-non-6-enamide Natural product Human Study Adderall and methylphenidate temporarily decrease growth rate in childe… Human Study Long-term prenatal exposure to paracetamol is associated with DNA methy… Human Study Resveratrol adjunct to methylphenidate improves symptoms of attention-d…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	ClinicalTrials.gov	PubChem
Fruit: All Natural product Human Study A higher adherence to Mediterranean diet containing vegetables, legumes… Human Study Adherence to a DASH-style diet might improve ADHD symptoms. Human Study These findings suggest that dietary intake may impact inattention in ch…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Vegetables: All Natural product Human Study A higher adherence to Mediterranean diet containing vegetables, legumes… Human Study Adherence to a DASH-style diet might improve ADHD symptoms. Human Study These findings suggest that dietary intake may impact inattention in ch…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Essential Fatty Acids Natural product Meta Analysis Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation exhibits therapeutic value in the tr… Human Study A combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids as well as magnesium a… Human Study An intake of 550mg EPA fatty acid and 225mg DHA fatty acid per day for…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Polyphenols Natural product Human Study Increased dietary intake of polyphenols is associated with a lower risk…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Cannabis Natural product Human Study Online discussions indicate that cannabis is considered therapeutic for… Human Study This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the self-medication… Human: Case Report A case of oral Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) improving refractory…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Homeopathic Medicine: All Natural product Human Study The reported results of homeopathic treatment appears to be similar to… Human Study The trial suggests scientific evidence of the effectiveness of homeopat… Human Study Treatment by a homeopath was associated with sustained, increasing impr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Ginseng (Korean) Natural product Human Study The combination of omega-3 and Korean red ginseng may have beneficial e… Human Study American Ginseng (in combination with Ginkgo biloba) impoves symptoms o… Review Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and inflammation: natural prod…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Bifidobacterium Bifidum Natural product Human Study Bifidobacterium bifidum supplement in children with attention-deficit/h… Human Study The probiotic Bf-688 supplement was associated with an improvement of c…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Fish Natural product Human Study A higher adherence to Mediterranean diet containing vegetables, legumes… Human Study Fish oil supplementation may improve attention, working memory, and ADH…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Legumes Natural product Human Study A higher adherence to Mediterranean diet containing vegetables, legumes…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Nuts: All Natural product Human Study A higher adherence to Mediterranean diet containing vegetables, legumes…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Grains: All Natural product Human Study Adherence to a DASH-style diet might improve ADHD symptoms. Human Study A higher adherence to Mediterranean diet containing vegetables, legumes…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Ginseng (American) Natural product Human Study American Ginseng (in combination with Ginkgo biloba) impoves symptoms o… Human Study The combination of omega-3 and Korean red ginseng may have beneficial e… Review Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and inflammation: natural prod…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Lemon Balm Natural product Human Study Combined treatment with valerian and lemon balm provides a viable optio…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Gamma-Linoleic Acid (GLA) Natural product Human Study EPA has therapeutic value in children with inattention, hyperactivity,…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Flaxseed Natural product Human Study Supplementation with flax oil and vitamin C improves the outcome of ADH…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Almond Natural product Human Study Sweet almond may be an effective treatment for children with ADHD.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Rose Natural product Human Study The effect of Rosa canina L. and a polyherbal formulation syrup in pati…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Cannabinoids Natural product Human Study This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the self-medication…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Delta-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Natural product Human: Case Report A case of oral Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) improving refractory…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Ginsenosides Natural product Animal Study A Ginkgo biloba and ginsenoside Rg3 extract possesses significant prote…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Walnut Natural product Animal Study Omega-3 rich oils attenuate ADHD-like behaviour induced by dietary mono…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

Disease overview

Remission & chronicity

Alterations

Therapeutics

Natural Products

Part of the Open Source Medicine Foundation Network