Disease overview

Alterations

115

Molecular (A)

100

Clinical (B–E)

Direct drugs

Via biomarker

Natural agents

Natural products

Merged ranked

151

With trial/literature evidence

Sources: Seeds, Open Targets, HPO, ClinicalTrials.gov, DGIdb, ChEMBL, PubMed MeSH, PubMed Literature · Pipeline phase 7 · Updated 2026-07-05

Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Progressive structural damage (sacroiliac fusion, syndesmophytes) in majority without treatment; spontaneous radiographic remission essentially zero; ~10% achieve clinical remission without anti-inflammatory therapy

Best-intervention remission

TNF inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab): ASAS20 response in 60-70%, clinical remission (ASDAS-ID) in 20-40%; IL-17 inhibitors (secukinumab, ixekizumab): equivalent or superior efficacy; remission rates with early biologics in non-radiographic axSpA may reach 40-50%

Drug-free remission

—

Relapse after remission

—

Chronicity

—

Gap size

Large — most patients spend years on NSAIDs before biologic assessment; diagnostic delay averages 7-10 years

Primary barrier

practice/access

Barrier detail: Diagnostic delay of 7-10 years from symptom onset is the most significant modifiable factor; MRI-based diagnosis of nr-axSpA (non-radiographic) can enable earlier biologic initiation before structural damage; HLA-B27 testing remains underused in primary care assessment of inflammatory back pain

Last SoC change: 2023 — bimekizumab (dual IL-17A/F) approved for AS; 2019 secukinumab and ixekizumab established for AS/nr-axSpA; tofacitinib and upadacitinib (JAK inhibitors) added; TNF inhibitors as backbone since 2000

Remission data layers: disease_db_100 · source-locked manual data · confidence: high

Identifiers: MONDO: MONDO:0005306 · EFO: EFO_0003895 · OMIM: 106300 · ORPHA: ORPHA:63 · MESH: D013167 · UMLS_CUI: C0038013

Alterations

115 total · Types A (molecular) through E (functional)

Name	Type	Subtype	Direction	Frequency	Evidence	Sources	Links
Juvenile onset	Pathology	Pathological finding	—	—	Moderate	HPO, Monarch	HPO
ABTB3 ankyrin repeat and BTB domain containing 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADAMTS2 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ADGRL2 adhesion G protein-coupled receptor L2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ALOX5 arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANKRD55 ankyrin repeat domain 55	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ANXA11 annexin A11	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ASAS 20	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
ASAS 40	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
ATG16L1 autophagy related 16 like 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP4A ATPase H+/K+ transporting subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ATP4B ATPase H+/K+ transporting subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life Questionnaire	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
B3GNT2 UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BACH2 BACH transcriptional regulator 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BANK1 B cell scaffold protein with ankyrin repeats 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
BASDAI	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
BASFI	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
CARD9 caspase recruitment domain family member 9	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CASR calcium sensing receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCL20 C-C motif chemokine ligand 20	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CCL21 C-C motif chemokine ligand 21	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD40 CD40 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CD6 CD6 molecule	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
COX7B2 cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7B2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
CXCR2 C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Change From Baseline in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Spine (Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging [ASSpiMRI] - Berlin Score)	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change From Baseline in the Sacroiliac Overall Score at Week 28	Scales & PROs	Clinical scale	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Change from Baseline in spinal mobility (BASMI) at Week 12 and Week 50.	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
DHFR dihydrofolate reductase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ENO4 enolase 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
EPHB1 EPH receptor B1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ERAP1 endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FCGR2A Fc gamma receptor IIa	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FOSL2 FOS like 2, AP-1 transcription factor subunit	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FRG2C FSHD region gene 2 family member C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FSCN1 fascin actin-bundling protein 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
FUT2 fucosyltransferase 2 (H blood group)	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GPR35 G protein-coupled receptor 35	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GPR65 G protein-coupled receptor 65	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
GUCY1A2 guanylate cyclase 1 soluble subunit alpha 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
HBS1L HBS1 like translational GTPase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IFNGR2 interferon gamma receptor 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IFNLR1 interferon lambda receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL10 interleukin 10	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL12A interleukin 12A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL12B interleukin 12B	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL17A interleukin 17A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL17F interleukin 17F	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL18R1 interleukin 18 receptor 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL23A interleukin 23 subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL23R interleukin 23 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL2RA interleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IL6R interleukin 6 receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
INAVA innate immunity activator	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
IRF5 interferon regulatory factor 5	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAK1 Janus kinase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAK2 Janus kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAK3 Janus kinase 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
JAZF1 JAZF zinc finger 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KAZN kazrin, periplakin interacting protein	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCNN2 potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
KCTD1 potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LHFPL6 LHFPL tetraspan subfamily member 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LHX2 LIM homeobox 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
LMO4 LIM domain only 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MEIS2 Meis homeobox 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
MST1 macrophage stimulating 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	Ensembl Open Targets
NELFE negative elongation factor complex member E	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NFKB1 nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NKX2-3 NK2 homeobox 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NOD2 nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR3C1 nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NR5A2 nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NRSN1 neurensin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
NXPE1 neurexophilin and PC-esterase domain family member 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
OSMR oncostatin M receptor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Occurrence, flare-up or exacerbation of Extra Articular Manifestations in Uveitis	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
PARK7 Parkinsonism associated deglycase	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
POSTN periostin	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PPARD peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PRKCB protein kinase C beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGER4 prostaglandin E receptor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGS1 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTGS2 prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
PTPN22 protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
Percentage of Participants With Treatment-emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) During the Study	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
Proportion of patients achieving ASAS40	Lab / Clinical	Lab value	—	—	Emerging	ClinicalTrials.gov	—
RUNX3 RUNX family transcription factor 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SH2B3 SH2B adaptor protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SIRAL2 SIR2 antiphage like 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SKAP2 src kinase associated phosphoprotein 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SMAD3 SMAD family member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SPRY4 sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SSPN sarcospan	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SUCLG2 succinate-CoA ligase GDP-forming subunit beta	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
SYT1 synaptotagmin 1	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TLR4 toll like receptor 4	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNF tumor necrosis factor	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFAIP3 TNF alpha induced protein 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFRSF1A TNF receptor superfamily member 1A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNFSF15 TNF superfamily member 15	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TNRC18 trinucleotide repeat containing 18	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TRPM3 transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
TYK2 tyrosine kinase 2	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
UBASH3A ubiquitin associated and SH3 domain containing A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
USP8 ubiquitin specific peptidase 8	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZBED6 zinc finger BED-type containing 6	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZC3H11A zinc finger CCCH-type containing 11A	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZC3H12C zinc finger CCCH-type containing 12C	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZNF385D zinc finger protein 385D	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets
ZNF704 zinc finger protein 704	Molecular	Gene	—	—	Emerging	Open Targets	UniProt Ensembl Open Targets

Therapeutics

Direct disease associations, biomarker-linked drugs, OSMF narrative-review natural agents, merged ranking, and clinical trial / literature evidence (top agents)

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
INDOMETHACIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	110	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 49 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02183168 — Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Meloxicam Suppository (15mg Daily) and Tablet (15 mg Daily) Compared to Indomethacin Suppository (50 mg Daily) in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07582146 — Effectiveness and Safety of Acemetacin in Active Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Real-world Study (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03473665 — Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Axial Spondyloarthritis (TERMINATED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Clinical trial publication Medication toxicity among patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Arthritis and rheumatism, 2002) Clinical trial publication [Clinical and experimental study on treatment of ankylosing spondylitis] (Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 1999) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a three-year open study (Clinical rheumatology, 2000) Clinical trial publication The efficacy and tolerability of aceclofenac in the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter controlled clinical trial. Aceclofenac Indomethacin Study Group (The Journal of rheumatology, 1996) Clinical trial publication A comparative study of nabumetone and indomethacin in ankylosing spondylitis (European journal of rheumatology and inflammation, 1991) Randomized controlled trial A 12-week double-blind study of the efficacy, safety and tolerance of pirazolac b.i.d. compared with indomethacin t.i.d. in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Drugs under experimental and clinical research, 1990) Randomized controlled trial An overview of the efficacy of etodolac in arthritic disorders (European journal of rheumatology and inflammation, 1990) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 14 Cochrane 26 Meta-analysis 53 Trial pubs 39 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01174186 — Intestinal Inflammation in Ankylosing Spondylitis and the Effects of Adalimumab on Mucosal Healing (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04135508 — A Phase III Study Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of BAT1406 and Humira (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02750800 — Post-marketing Observational Study to Evaluate the Incremental Impact of AbbVie's Patient Support Program on Patient Reported Outcomes and Health Resource Utilization in Inflammatory Arthritis, Psoriasis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Hungary (VALUE) (COMPLETED) NCT01387802 — Canadian Humira Post Marketing Observational Epidemiological Study: Assessing Effectiveness in Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) NCT00972218 — Effectiveness and Safety of Spondylitis Related to Inflammatory Bowel Disease (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT03339089 — Real-world Effectiveness of Adalimumab on Health Outcomes in Chinese Patients With Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases (COMPLETED) NCT00133315 — TNFalfa Blocking Treatment of Spondylarthropathies (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00478660 — An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Response to Adalimumab in Patients With Active Ankylosing Spondylitis Who Have Failed Standard Therapy or TNF-Alpha Inhibitors (RHAPSODY) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of biosimilars and their reference biologic drugs in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2025) Cochrane review Approaches and outcomes of adalimumab discontinuation in patients with well-controlled inflammatory arthritis: a systematic search and review (Pediatric rheumatology online journal, 2024) Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Cochrane review Risk of serious infections in biological treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis (Clinical rheumatology, 2018) Cochrane review Is secukinumab a safe alternative treatment for ankylosing spondylitis with Guillain Barré syndrome after anti-TNF-α treatment? Case report and literature review (Clinical rheumatology, 2017) Meta-analysis Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) Meta-analysis Targeted therapies and conventional care for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the network-meta analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Meta-analysis Work productivity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis initiating biological or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis (RMD open, 2023) Meta-analysis Impact of biologics on health-related quality of life in patients with Ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2022) Systematic review An Overview of Adalimumab Therapy for Ankylosing Spondylitis (Current rheumatology reviews, 2024) Clinical trial publication Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Biosimilar Adalimumab Injection with Innovator Adalimumab in Subjects with Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2025) Clinical trial publication Identification of patient endotypes and adalimumab treatment responders in axial spondyloarthritis using blood-derived extracellular matrix biomarkers (RMD open, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 14 Trial pubs 13 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05960864 — Chinese Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort (CESPIC) (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT01709656 — A Molecule Basic Study of Early Warning for New Pathogenic Risk of Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02528201 — A Study Of Celecoxib Versus Diclofenac In Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02456363 — Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy In Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT01934933 — Etanercept and Celecoxib Alone/Combined Treatment in Effectiveness and Safety of Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00648141 — Safety and Efficacy of Celecoxib Versus Diclofenac in the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02758782 — NSAIDs Added to Anti-TNF Therapy Versus Anti-TNF Therapy Alone on Progression of Structural Damage in Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07632599 — Safety and Efficacy of Allogeneic Bone Marrow MSCs in Ankylosing Spondylitis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen) in people receiving methotrexate for inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, other spondyloarthritis) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2011) Meta-analysis Comparative efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in ankylosing spondylitis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of clinical trials (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2016) Clinical trial publication Comparison of the effect of treatment with NSAIDs added to anti-TNF therapy versus anti-TNF therapy alone on the progression of structural damage in the spine over 2 years in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis from the randomised-controlled CONSUL trial (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2024) Clinical trial publication Etanercept/celecoxib on improving MRI inflammation of active ankylosing spondylitis: A multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Clinical Efficacy of Modified Yanghe Decoction in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2018) Clinical trial publication Study protocol: COmparison of the effect of treatment with Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs added to anti-tumour necrosis factor a therapy versus anti-tumour necrosis factor a therapy alone on progression of StrUctural damage in the spine over two years in patients with ankyLosing spondylitis (CONSUL) - an open-label randomized controlled multicenter trial (BMJ open, 2017) Clinical trial publication Celecoxib versus diclofenac for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: 12-week randomized study in Norwegian patients (The Journal of international medical research, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 1 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02775656 — UCB Cimzia Pregnancy Follow-up Study (TERMINATED) NCT03215277 — A Study to Test the Efficacy and Safety of Bimekizumab and Certolizumab Pegol in Patients With Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT07138898 — Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT02354105 — A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Certolizumab Pegol in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis in Daily Life (COMPLETED) NCT01797224 — OTIS Cimzia Pregnancy Registry (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NCT02505542 — Study to Evaluate Maintenance of Sustained Remission of axSpA With CZP Compared to Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02154425 — A Multicenter, Postmarketing Study Evaluating the Concentration of Cimzia® in Mature Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT02132234 — Effects of Biological Treatment on Blood Pressure and Endothelial Function in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Meta-analysis Impact of biologics on health-related quality of life in patients with Ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2022) Meta-analysis The Comparative Safety of TNF Inhibitors in Ankylosing Spondylitis-a Meta-Analysis Update of 14 Randomized Controlled Trials (Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2018) Meta-analysis Indirect comparison between subcutaneous biologic agents in ankylosing spondylitis (Clinical drug investigation, 2015) Systematic review Differences in biologics for treating ankylosing spondylitis: the contribution of network meta-analysis (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2021) Systematic review Comparative Efficacy of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitors in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Metaanalysis (The Journal of rheumatology, 2018) Systematic review Tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors for ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and economic evaluation (Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 2016) Clinical trial publication Predictors of long-term clinical response in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis receiving certolizumab pegol (Arthritis research & therapy, 2021) Clinical trial publication Associations between certolizumab pegol serum levels, anti-drug antibodies and treatment response in patients with inflammatory joint diseases: data from the NOR-DMARD study (Arthritis research & therapy, 2019) Clinical trial publication Sustained efficacy, safety and patient-reported outcomes of certolizumab pegol in axial spondyloarthritis: 4-year outcomes from RAPID-axSpA (Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2017) Clinical trial publication Discriminant validity, responsiveness and reliability of the arthritis-specific Work Productivity Survey assessing workplace and household productivity within and outside the home in patients with axial spondyloarthritis, including nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (Arthritis research & therapy, 2014) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of certolizumab pegol on signs and symptoms of axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis: 24-week results of a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled Phase 3 study (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07633730 — Efficacy of the Erector Spinae Plane Block for Persistent Back Pain in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (RECRUITING) NA NCT06842316 — Effects of Phytocannabinoids on Immune Response and Autophagy During Chronic Immune-mediated Inflammatory Diseases (RECRUITING) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07633730 — Efficacy of the Erector Spinae Plane Block for Persistent Back Pain in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (RECRUITING) NA NCT06842316 — Effects of Phytocannabinoids on Immune Response and Autophagy During Chronic Immune-mediated Inflammatory Diseases (RECRUITING) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 16 Cochrane 29 Meta-analysis 86 Trial pubs 57 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04077957 — Treat-to-target Strategy in Ankylosing Spondylitis Using Etanercept and Conventional Synthetic DMARDs (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01411215 — A Study of Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment With Enbrel in Adult Patient in Outpatient Department (TERMINATED) NCT01421303 — Work Productivity in Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Patients Treated With Enbrel. (COMPLETED) NCT00844142 — Enbrel-Sulfasalazin-Early-Axial Spondyloarthritis (AS) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT03729674 — Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Biosimilar and Legacy Drugs (UNKNOWN) NCT00458185 — Study Evaluating Etanercept in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00133315 — TNFalfa Blocking Treatment of Spondylarthropathies (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03470688 — Investigating the Utilisation and Effectiveness of Originator and Biosimilar Anti-TNF Agents (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review Impact of Biologics on Cardiovascular Events in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Meta-Analysis (International journal of rheumatic diseases, 2026) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of biosimilars and their reference biologic drugs in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2025) Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Cochrane review Risk of serious infections in biological treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis (Clinical rheumatology, 2018) Cochrane review DOSAGE AND DURATION OF ETANERCEPT THERAPY FOR ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS: A META-ANALYSIS (International journal of technology assessment in health care, 2017) Meta-analysis Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) Meta-analysis Targeted therapies and conventional care for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the network-meta analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Meta-analysis Work productivity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis initiating biological or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis (RMD open, 2023) Systematic review Efficacy and safety of biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2023) Clinical trial publication Etanercept/celecoxib on improving MRI inflammation of active ankylosing spondylitis: A multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Simplified Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (SASDAS) Versus ASDAS: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial (The Journal of rheumatology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Does a short course of etanercept influence disease progression and radiographic changes in patients suspected of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis? Three -years follow- up of a placebo-controlled trial (Scandinavian journal of rheumatology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GOLIMUMAB	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 12 Cochrane 25 Meta-analysis 29 Trial pubs 27 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02438787 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ustekinumab in the Treatment of Anti-TNF(Alpha) Refractory Participants With Active Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT01313858 — A Study to Investigate the Use of Golimumab (Simponi®) in Participants With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis (P06554) (COMPLETED) NCT03557853 — Clinical and Radiological Manifestations of Coxitis in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis Treated With Golimumab (COMPLETED) NCT01965132 — Korean College of Rheumatology Biologics and Targeted Therapy Registry (RECRUITING) NCT01718951 — Golimumab Versus Pamidronate for the Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthropathy: a 48-week Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02456363 — Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy In Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT01668004 — The Incidence of Extra-Articular Manifestations in Participants With Ankylosing Spondylitis Treated With Golimumab (MK-8259-012) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07138898 — Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Impact of Biologics on Cardiovascular Events in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Meta-Analysis (International journal of rheumatic diseases, 2026) Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Cochrane review Patients with ankylosing spondylitis treatment by golimumab: a systematic review and meta-analysis (European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2020) Cochrane review Risk of serious infections in biological treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis (Clinical rheumatology, 2018) Cochrane review Risk of infections using anti-TNF agents in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Expert opinion on drug safety, 2016) Meta-analysis Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) Meta-analysis Targeted therapies and conventional care for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the network-meta analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Meta-analysis Impact of biologics on health-related quality of life in patients with Ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2022) Systematic review Efficacy and safety of biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2023) Systematic review Differences in biologics for treating ankylosing spondylitis: the contribution of network meta-analysis (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2021) Clinical trial publication Safety and Efficacy of Golimumab in Indian Patients with Active Spondyloarthritis of Ankylosing Spondylitis or Psoriatic Arthritis: A Multicenter, Noncomparative, Open-Label, Real-World Study (The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2024) Clinical trial publication Comparison of the effect of treatment with NSAIDs added to anti-TNF therapy versus anti-TNF therapy alone on the progression of structural damage in the spine over 2 years in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis from the randomised-controlled CONSUL trial (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 19 Cochrane 25 Meta-analysis 107 Trial pubs 50 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00844805 — Infliximab for Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthritis (P05336 AM1) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00591201 — Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Study of Infliximab in Juvenile Spondyloarthropathies (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT02557308 — An Observational Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Remsima™ in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (TERMINATED) NCT00237419 — Examination of Radiographic Progression, Efficacy and Safety of Long-Term Treatment With Infliximab in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01571206 — An Extension Study to Demonstrate the Equivalence of Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of CT-P13 in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis Who Were Treated With Infliximab (Remicade or CT-P13) in Study CT-P13 1.1 (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00686894 — Enthesitis With Ultra Sonography Doppler in Spondyloarthropathies Treated With Infliximab (Study P04440) (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00778869 — Analysis of the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis During Infliximab Treatment (Study P04465)(COMPLETED) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03729674 — Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Biosimilar and Legacy Drugs (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of biosimilars and their reference biologic drugs in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2025) Cochrane review Anti-TNF-α induced paradoxical psoriasis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review (Clinical and experimental rheumatology, 2024) Cochrane review Optimal Biologic Drugs for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis: Results from a Network Meta-Analysis and Network Metaregression (BioMed research international, 2022) Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Cochrane review Risk of serious infections in biological treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis (Clinical rheumatology, 2018) Meta-analysis Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) Meta-analysis Targeted therapies and conventional care for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the network-meta analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Meta-analysis Impact of biologics on health-related quality of life in patients with Ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2022) Systematic review Differences in biologics for treating ankylosing spondylitis: the contribution of network meta-analysis (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2021) Clinical trial publication Do fatty lesions explain the effect of inflammation on new syndesmophytes in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis? Results from the SIAS cohort and ASSERT trial (RMD open, 2023) Clinical trial publication A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 12-week trial of infliximab in patients with juvenile-onset spondyloarthritis (Arthritis research & therapy, 2022) Clinical trial publication Infliximab treatment reduces depressive symptoms in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: an ancillary study to a randomized controlled trial (ASSERT) (Arthritis research & therapy, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	4 trials 4 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 33 Trial pubs 23 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00844805 — Infliximab for Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthritis (P05336 AM1) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01208207 — A Two-Part 26-Week Study of Etoricoxib as Treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) (MK-0663-108) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00367211 — Study to Evaluate the Incidence of Gastric Ulcers Following Administration of Either PN 200 or Naproxen in Subjects Who Are at Risk for Developing NSAID-Associated Ulcers. (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02293681 — An Observational Study of Infliximab in Participants Suffering From Ankylosing Spondylitis With Hip Involvement (TERMINATED) Published literature Cochrane review Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Cochrane review Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Cochrane review Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2006) Cochrane review Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2004) Clinical trial publication The safety and efficacy of Guluronic acid (G2013) in ankylosing spondylitis: A randomized controlled parallel clinical trial (Pharmacological reports : PR, 2019) Clinical trial publication Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of β-d-mannuronic acid in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I/II clinical trial (International immunopharmacology, 2018) Clinical trial publication The effects of β-D-mannuronic acid (M2000), as a novel NSAID, on COX1 and COX2 activities and gene expression in ankylosing spondylitis patients and the murine monocyte/macrophage, J774 cell line (Inflammopharmacology, 2018) Clinical trial publication A randomized, clinical trial to assess the relative efficacy and tolerability of two doses of etoricoxib versus naproxen in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2016) Clinical trial publication Partial remission in ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis in treatment with infliximab plus naproxen or naproxen alone: associations between partial remission and baseline disease characteristics (Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN SODIUM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	4 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00844805 — Infliximab for Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthritis (P05336 AM1) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01208207 — A Two-Part 26-Week Study of Etoricoxib as Treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) (MK-0663-108) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00367211 — Study to Evaluate the Incidence of Gastric Ulcers Following Administration of Either PN 200 or Naproxen in Subjects Who Are at Risk for Developing NSAID-Associated Ulcers. (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02293681 — An Observational Study of Infliximab in Participants Suffering From Ankylosing Spondylitis With Hip Involvement (TERMINATED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	3 trials 5 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00244166 — Prednisolone in Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01790022 — Efficacy and Safety of MEthylprednisolone Administered Intravenously for the Treatment of Patients With Active AnkyLosing spondyLitis (METALL) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT07113834 — Characteristics of Ankylosing Spondylitis Associated Uveitis (COMPLETED) Published literature Clinical trial publication Etanercept therapy in Behçet's disease. The tight control strategy in refractory disease (Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie, 2014) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of oral prednisolone in active ankylosing spondylitis: results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled short-term trial (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2014) Clinical trial publication Population pharmacokinetics of infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2008) Clinical trial publication Low dose of infliximab is inadequate in most patients with spondylarthropathies (Clinical and experimental rheumatology, 2005) Clinical trial publication [Practical experiences in the intra-articular treatment of chronic rheumatic diseases] (Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1975) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	1 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT05879419 — Recombinant Herpes Zoster Vaccine in Patients With Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of anti-TNF therapy on glucose metabolism in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis or juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SECUKINUMAB	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 7 Cochrane 20 Meta-analysis 24 Trial pubs 22 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03136861 — SKIPPAIN - Speed of Onset of SecuKinumab-Induced Relief From Pain in Patients With AxIal SpoNdyloarthritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02763046 — Study to Examine the Clinical Efficacy and the Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID)-Sparing Effect of Secukinumab Over 16 Weeks in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02696031 — Study of Efficacy and Safety of Secukinumab in Patients With Non-radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03639740 — Treat-to-target With Secukinumab in Axial Spondyloarthritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01965132 — Korean College of Rheumatology Biologics and Targeted Therapy Registry (RECRUITING) NCT06833112 — Interleukin-17 (IL-17) Inhibitor in Combination With Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα )Inhibitor for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT01358175 — 16 Week Efficacy and 2 Year Long Term Safety and Efficacy of Secukinumab in Patients With Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07138898 — Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and Safety of Interleukin-17 and Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (International archives of allergy and immunology, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of interleukin-17 inhibitors in the treatment of chronic rheumatic diseases: A combined and updated meta-analysis (Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2021) Cochrane review Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Secukinumab for Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs (Mediators of inflammation, 2020) Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Cochrane review Risk of serious infections in biological treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis (Clinical rheumatology, 2018) Meta-analysis Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) Meta-analysis Targeted therapies and conventional care for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the network-meta analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Meta-analysis Work productivity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis initiating biological or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis (RMD open, 2023) Meta-analysis Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Janus Kinase Inhibitors and Secukinumab in Patients with Active Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Pharmacology, 2022) Systematic review Efficacy and safety of biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2023) Clinical trial publication A secukinumab dose-escalation study in patients with ankylosing spondylitis not achieving inactive disease after 16 weeks of treatment (Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2025) Clinical trial publication Two-year imaging outcomes from a phase 3 randomized trial of secukinumab in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (Arthritis research & therapy, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BALSALAZIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BALSALAZIDE DISODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEVACIZUMAB Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBACHOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIAZEPAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ESOMEPRAZOLE STRONTIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRINOTECAN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANSOPRAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MASOPROCOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECLOFENAMATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MECLOFENAMATE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MESALAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXSALEN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILK THISTLE SEED EXTRACT Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MONTELUKAST SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLSALAZINE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00367211 — Study to Evaluate the Incidence of Gastric Ulcers Following Administration of Either PN 200 or Naproxen in Subjects Who Are at Risk for Developing NSAID-Associated Ulcers. (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03473665 — Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Axial Spondyloarthritis (TERMINATED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Population pharmacokinetics of infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00367211 — Study to Evaluate the Incidence of Gastric Ulcers Following Administration of Either PN 200 or Naproxen in Subjects Who Are at Risk for Developing NSAID-Associated Ulcers. (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03473665 — Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Axial Spondyloarthritis (TERMINATED) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RABEPRAZOLE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RABEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELENIUM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFASALAZINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VONOPRAZAN FUMARATE Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZILEUTON Repurposing	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
APREMILAST	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIMEKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRODALUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETORICOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGOTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUMOKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IXEKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELOXICAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARILUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFASALAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
THALIDOMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOCILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOFACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
USTEKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1697771	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL606	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVARMACITINIB SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NETAKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
UPADACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DARAPLADIB Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABATACEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARRY-797	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GAMCEMETINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IZOKIBEP	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MUFEMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAMILUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLSALAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISANKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROCONKIBART	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VUNAKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AGLATIMAGENE BESADENOVEC	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDESLEUKIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2103743	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVARMACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN ETEMESIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISEDRONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILDRAKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
AJ-292 Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
LINAPRAZAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
TEGOPRAZAN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GIMSILUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBINAFINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALENDRONIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEVACIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXIBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECLOFENAMIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGFILGRASTIM	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRASTUZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ADALIMUMAB	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 14 Cochrane 26 Meta-analysis 53 Trial pubs 39 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01174186 — Intestinal Inflammation in Ankylosing Spondylitis and the Effects of Adalimumab on Mucosal Healing (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT04135508 — A Phase III Study Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of BAT1406 and Humira (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02750800 — Post-marketing Observational Study to Evaluate the Incremental Impact of AbbVie's Patient Support Program on Patient Reported Outcomes and Health Resource Utilization in Inflammatory Arthritis, Psoriasis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Hungary (VALUE) (COMPLETED) NCT01387802 — Canadian Humira Post Marketing Observational Epidemiological Study: Assessing Effectiveness in Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) NCT00972218 — Effectiveness and Safety of Spondylitis Related to Inflammatory Bowel Disease (WITHDRAWN) PHASE4 NCT03339089 — Real-world Effectiveness of Adalimumab on Health Outcomes in Chinese Patients With Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases (COMPLETED) NCT00133315 — TNFalfa Blocking Treatment of Spondylarthropathies (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00478660 — An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Response to Adalimumab in Patients With Active Ankylosing Spondylitis Who Have Failed Standard Therapy or TNF-Alpha Inhibitors (RHAPSODY) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of biosimilars and their reference biologic drugs in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2025) Cochrane review Approaches and outcomes of adalimumab discontinuation in patients with well-controlled inflammatory arthritis: a systematic search and review (Pediatric rheumatology online journal, 2024) Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Cochrane review Risk of serious infections in biological treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis (Clinical rheumatology, 2018) Cochrane review Is secukinumab a safe alternative treatment for ankylosing spondylitis with Guillain Barré syndrome after anti-TNF-α treatment? Case report and literature review (Clinical rheumatology, 2017) Meta-analysis Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) Meta-analysis Targeted therapies and conventional care for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the network-meta analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Meta-analysis Work productivity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis initiating biological or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis (RMD open, 2023) Meta-analysis Impact of biologics on health-related quality of life in patients with Ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2022) Systematic review An Overview of Adalimumab Therapy for Ankylosing Spondylitis (Current rheumatology reviews, 2024) Clinical trial publication Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Biosimilar Adalimumab Injection with Innovator Adalimumab in Subjects with Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2025) Clinical trial publication Identification of patient endotypes and adalimumab treatment responders in axial spondyloarthritis using blood-derived extracellular matrix biomarkers (RMD open, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CELECOXIB	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis 14 Trial pubs 13 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT05960864 — Chinese Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort (CESPIC) (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) NCT01709656 — A Molecule Basic Study of Early Warning for New Pathogenic Risk of Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) NA NCT02528201 — A Study Of Celecoxib Versus Diclofenac In Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02456363 — Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy In Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT01934933 — Etanercept and Celecoxib Alone/Combined Treatment in Effectiveness and Safety of Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00648141 — Safety and Efficacy of Celecoxib Versus Diclofenac in the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02758782 — NSAIDs Added to Anti-TNF Therapy Versus Anti-TNF Therapy Alone on Progression of Structural Damage in Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07632599 — Safety and Efficacy of Allogeneic Bone Marrow MSCs in Ankylosing Spondylitis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE1 Published literature Cochrane review Safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen) in people receiving methotrexate for inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, other spondyloarthritis) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2011) Meta-analysis Comparative efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in ankylosing spondylitis: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of clinical trials (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2016) Clinical trial publication Comparison of the effect of treatment with NSAIDs added to anti-TNF therapy versus anti-TNF therapy alone on the progression of structural damage in the spine over 2 years in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis from the randomised-controlled CONSUL trial (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2024) Clinical trial publication Etanercept/celecoxib on improving MRI inflammation of active ankylosing spondylitis: A multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Clinical Efficacy of Modified Yanghe Decoction in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 2018) Clinical trial publication Study protocol: COmparison of the effect of treatment with Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs added to anti-tumour necrosis factor a therapy versus anti-tumour necrosis factor a therapy alone on progression of StrUctural damage in the spine over two years in patients with ankyLosing spondylitis (CONSUL) - an open-label randomized controlled multicenter trial (BMJ open, 2017) Clinical trial publication Celecoxib versus diclofenac for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: 12-week randomized study in Norwegian patients (The Journal of international medical research, 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CERTOLIZUMAB PEGOL	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 1 Cochrane 4 Meta-analysis 5 Trial pubs 4 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02775656 — UCB Cimzia Pregnancy Follow-up Study (TERMINATED) NCT03215277 — A Study to Test the Efficacy and Safety of Bimekizumab and Certolizumab Pegol in Patients With Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE2 NCT07138898 — Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 NCT02354105 — A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Certolizumab Pegol in Patients With Axial Spondyloarthritis in Daily Life (COMPLETED) NCT01797224 — OTIS Cimzia Pregnancy Registry (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) NCT02505542 — Study to Evaluate Maintenance of Sustained Remission of axSpA With CZP Compared to Placebo (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02154425 — A Multicenter, Postmarketing Study Evaluating the Concentration of Cimzia® in Mature Breast Milk of Lactating Mothers (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT02132234 — Effects of Biological Treatment on Blood Pressure and Endothelial Function in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Meta-analysis Impact of biologics on health-related quality of life in patients with Ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2022) Meta-analysis The Comparative Safety of TNF Inhibitors in Ankylosing Spondylitis-a Meta-Analysis Update of 14 Randomized Controlled Trials (Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2018) Meta-analysis Indirect comparison between subcutaneous biologic agents in ankylosing spondylitis (Clinical drug investigation, 2015) Systematic review Differences in biologics for treating ankylosing spondylitis: the contribution of network meta-analysis (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2021) Systematic review Comparative Efficacy of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitors in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Metaanalysis (The Journal of rheumatology, 2018) Systematic review Tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors for ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and economic evaluation (Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 2016) Clinical trial publication Predictors of long-term clinical response in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis receiving certolizumab pegol (Arthritis research & therapy, 2021) Clinical trial publication Associations between certolizumab pegol serum levels, anti-drug antibodies and treatment response in patients with inflammatory joint diseases: data from the NOR-DMARD study (Arthritis research & therapy, 2019) Clinical trial publication Sustained efficacy, safety and patient-reported outcomes of certolizumab pegol in axial spondyloarthritis: 4-year outcomes from RAPID-axSpA (Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2017) Clinical trial publication Discriminant validity, responsiveness and reliability of the arthritis-specific Work Productivity Survey assessing workplace and household productivity within and outside the home in patients with axial spondyloarthritis, including nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (Arthritis research & therapy, 2014) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of certolizumab pegol on signs and symptoms of axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis: 24-week results of a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled Phase 3 study (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2014) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07633730 — Efficacy of the Erector Spinae Plane Block for Persistent Back Pain in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (RECRUITING) NA NCT06842316 — Effects of Phytocannabinoids on Immune Response and Autophagy During Chronic Immune-mediated Inflammatory Diseases (RECRUITING) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT07633730 — Efficacy of the Erector Spinae Plane Block for Persistent Back Pain in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (RECRUITING) NA NCT06842316 — Effects of Phytocannabinoids on Immune Response and Autophagy During Chronic Immune-mediated Inflammatory Diseases (RECRUITING) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETANERCEPT	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 16 Cochrane 29 Meta-analysis 86 Trial pubs 57 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT04077957 — Treat-to-target Strategy in Ankylosing Spondylitis Using Etanercept and Conventional Synthetic DMARDs (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01411215 — A Study of Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment With Enbrel in Adult Patient in Outpatient Department (TERMINATED) NCT01421303 — Work Productivity in Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) Patients Treated With Enbrel. (COMPLETED) NCT00844142 — Enbrel-Sulfasalazin-Early-Axial Spondyloarthritis (AS) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT03729674 — Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Biosimilar and Legacy Drugs (UNKNOWN) NCT00458185 — Study Evaluating Etanercept in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00133315 — TNFalfa Blocking Treatment of Spondylarthropathies (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03470688 — Investigating the Utilisation and Effectiveness of Originator and Biosimilar Anti-TNF Agents (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review Impact of Biologics on Cardiovascular Events in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Meta-Analysis (International journal of rheumatic diseases, 2026) Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of biosimilars and their reference biologic drugs in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2025) Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Cochrane review Risk of serious infections in biological treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis (Clinical rheumatology, 2018) Cochrane review DOSAGE AND DURATION OF ETANERCEPT THERAPY FOR ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS: A META-ANALYSIS (International journal of technology assessment in health care, 2017) Meta-analysis Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) Meta-analysis Targeted therapies and conventional care for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the network-meta analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Meta-analysis Work productivity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis initiating biological or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis (RMD open, 2023) Systematic review Efficacy and safety of biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2023) Clinical trial publication Etanercept/celecoxib on improving MRI inflammation of active ankylosing spondylitis: A multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Simplified Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (SASDAS) Versus ASDAS: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial (The Journal of rheumatology, 2022) Clinical trial publication Does a short course of etanercept influence disease progression and radiographic changes in patients suspected of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis? Three -years follow- up of a placebo-controlled trial (Scandinavian journal of rheumatology, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GOLIMUMAB	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 12 Cochrane 25 Meta-analysis 29 Trial pubs 27 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02438787 — A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ustekinumab in the Treatment of Anti-TNF(Alpha) Refractory Participants With Active Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis (TERMINATED) PHASE3 NCT01313858 — A Study to Investigate the Use of Golimumab (Simponi®) in Participants With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis (P06554) (COMPLETED) NCT03557853 — Clinical and Radiological Manifestations of Coxitis in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis Treated With Golimumab (COMPLETED) NCT01965132 — Korean College of Rheumatology Biologics and Targeted Therapy Registry (RECRUITING) NCT01718951 — Golimumab Versus Pamidronate for the Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthropathy: a 48-week Trial (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02456363 — Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy In Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT01668004 — The Incidence of Extra-Articular Manifestations in Participants With Ankylosing Spondylitis Treated With Golimumab (MK-8259-012) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT07138898 — Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Impact of Biologics on Cardiovascular Events in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Meta-Analysis (International journal of rheumatic diseases, 2026) Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Cochrane review Patients with ankylosing spondylitis treatment by golimumab: a systematic review and meta-analysis (European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2020) Cochrane review Risk of serious infections in biological treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis (Clinical rheumatology, 2018) Cochrane review Risk of infections using anti-TNF agents in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Expert opinion on drug safety, 2016) Meta-analysis Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) Meta-analysis Targeted therapies and conventional care for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the network-meta analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Meta-analysis Impact of biologics on health-related quality of life in patients with Ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2022) Systematic review Efficacy and safety of biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2023) Systematic review Differences in biologics for treating ankylosing spondylitis: the contribution of network meta-analysis (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2021) Clinical trial publication Safety and Efficacy of Golimumab in Indian Patients with Active Spondyloarthritis of Ankylosing Spondylitis or Psoriatic Arthritis: A Multicenter, Noncomparative, Open-Label, Real-World Study (The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2024) Clinical trial publication Comparison of the effect of treatment with NSAIDs added to anti-TNF therapy versus anti-TNF therapy alone on the progression of structural damage in the spine over 2 years in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis from the randomised-controlled CONSUL trial (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2024) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 49 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02183168 — Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Meloxicam Suppository (15mg Daily) and Tablet (15 mg Daily) Compared to Indomethacin Suppository (50 mg Daily) in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07582146 — Effectiveness and Safety of Acemetacin in Active Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Real-world Study (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03473665 — Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Axial Spondyloarthritis (TERMINATED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Clinical trial publication Medication toxicity among patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Arthritis and rheumatism, 2002) Clinical trial publication [Clinical and experimental study on treatment of ankylosing spondylitis] (Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 1999) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a three-year open study (Clinical rheumatology, 2000) Clinical trial publication The efficacy and tolerability of aceclofenac in the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter controlled clinical trial. Aceclofenac Indomethacin Study Group (The Journal of rheumatology, 1996) Clinical trial publication A comparative study of nabumetone and indomethacin in ankylosing spondylitis (European journal of rheumatology and inflammation, 1991) Randomized controlled trial A 12-week double-blind study of the efficacy, safety and tolerance of pirazolac b.i.d. compared with indomethacin t.i.d. in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Drugs under experimental and clinical research, 1990) Randomized controlled trial An overview of the efficacy of etodolac in arthritic disorders (European journal of rheumatology and inflammation, 1990) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INFLIXIMAB	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 19 Cochrane 25 Meta-analysis 107 Trial pubs 50 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00844805 — Infliximab for Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthritis (P05336 AM1) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00591201 — Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability Study of Infliximab in Juvenile Spondyloarthropathies (COMPLETED) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT02557308 — An Observational Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Remsima™ in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (TERMINATED) NCT00237419 — Examination of Radiographic Progression, Efficacy and Safety of Long-Term Treatment With Infliximab in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (UNKNOWN) NA NCT01571206 — An Extension Study to Demonstrate the Equivalence of Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of CT-P13 in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis Who Were Treated With Infliximab (Remicade or CT-P13) in Study CT-P13 1.1 (COMPLETED) PHASE1 NCT00686894 — Enthesitis With Ultra Sonography Doppler in Spondyloarthropathies Treated With Infliximab (Study P04440) (TERMINATED) PHASE4 NCT00778869 — Analysis of the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis During Infliximab Treatment (Study P04465)(COMPLETED) (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT03729674 — Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Biosimilar and Legacy Drugs (UNKNOWN) Published literature Cochrane review Comparative efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of biosimilars and their reference biologic drugs in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2025) Cochrane review Anti-TNF-α induced paradoxical psoriasis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review (Clinical and experimental rheumatology, 2024) Cochrane review Optimal Biologic Drugs for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis: Results from a Network Meta-Analysis and Network Metaregression (BioMed research international, 2022) Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Cochrane review Risk of serious infections in biological treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis (Clinical rheumatology, 2018) Meta-analysis Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) Meta-analysis Targeted therapies and conventional care for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the network-meta analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Meta-analysis Impact of biologics on health-related quality of life in patients with Ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2022) Systematic review Differences in biologics for treating ankylosing spondylitis: the contribution of network meta-analysis (European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2021) Clinical trial publication Do fatty lesions explain the effect of inflammation on new syndesmophytes in patients with radiographic axial spondyloarthritis? Results from the SIAS cohort and ASSERT trial (RMD open, 2023) Clinical trial publication A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 12-week trial of infliximab in patients with juvenile-onset spondyloarthritis (Arthritis research & therapy, 2022) Clinical trial publication Infliximab treatment reduces depressive symptoms in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: an ancillary study to a randomized controlled trial (ASSERT) (Arthritis research & therapy, 2020) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	4 trials 4 Cochrane 3 Meta-analysis 33 Trial pubs 23 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00844805 — Infliximab for Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthritis (P05336 AM1) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01208207 — A Two-Part 26-Week Study of Etoricoxib as Treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) (MK-0663-108) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00367211 — Study to Evaluate the Incidence of Gastric Ulcers Following Administration of Either PN 200 or Naproxen in Subjects Who Are at Risk for Developing NSAID-Associated Ulcers. (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02293681 — An Observational Study of Infliximab in Participants Suffering From Ankylosing Spondylitis With Hip Involvement (TERMINATED) Published literature Cochrane review Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Cochrane review Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013) Cochrane review Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2006) Cochrane review Methotrexate for ankylosing spondylitis (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2004) Clinical trial publication The safety and efficacy of Guluronic acid (G2013) in ankylosing spondylitis: A randomized controlled parallel clinical trial (Pharmacological reports : PR, 2019) Clinical trial publication Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of β-d-mannuronic acid in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I/II clinical trial (International immunopharmacology, 2018) Clinical trial publication The effects of β-D-mannuronic acid (M2000), as a novel NSAID, on COX1 and COX2 activities and gene expression in ankylosing spondylitis patients and the murine monocyte/macrophage, J774 cell line (Inflammopharmacology, 2018) Clinical trial publication A randomized, clinical trial to assess the relative efficacy and tolerability of two doses of etoricoxib versus naproxen in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2016) Clinical trial publication Partial remission in ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis in treatment with infliximab plus naproxen or naproxen alone: associations between partial remission and baseline disease characteristics (Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2016) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN SODIUM	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	4 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00844805 — Infliximab for Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthritis (P05336 AM1) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT01208207 — A Two-Part 26-Week Study of Etoricoxib as Treatment for Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) (MK-0663-108) (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT00367211 — Study to Evaluate the Incidence of Gastric Ulcers Following Administration of Either PN 200 or Naproxen in Subjects Who Are at Risk for Developing NSAID-Associated Ulcers. (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02293681 — An Observational Study of Infliximab in Participants Suffering From Ankylosing Spondylitis With Hip Involvement (TERMINATED) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	3 trials 5 Trial pubs 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00244166 — Prednisolone in Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 NCT01790022 — Efficacy and Safety of MEthylprednisolone Administered Intravenously for the Treatment of Patients With Active AnkyLosing spondyLitis (METALL) (UNKNOWN) PHASE2 NCT07113834 — Characteristics of Ankylosing Spondylitis Associated Uveitis (COMPLETED) Published literature Clinical trial publication Etanercept therapy in Behçet's disease. The tight control strategy in refractory disease (Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie, 2014) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of oral prednisolone in active ankylosing spondylitis: results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled short-term trial (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2014) Clinical trial publication Population pharmacokinetics of infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2008) Clinical trial publication Low dose of infliximab is inadequate in most patients with spondylarthropathies (Clinical and experimental rheumatology, 2005) Clinical trial publication [Practical experiences in the intra-articular treatment of chronic rheumatic diseases] (Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1975) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PREDNISONE	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	100	1 trials 1 Trial pubs View evidence Registry trials NCT05879419 — Recombinant Herpes Zoster Vaccine in Patients With Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases (ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Effects of anti-TNF therapy on glucose metabolism in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis or juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization, 2010) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SECUKINUMAB	Biologic	Approved	Strong	100	8 trials 7 Cochrane 20 Meta-analysis 24 Trial pubs 22 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT03136861 — SKIPPAIN - Speed of Onset of SecuKinumab-Induced Relief From Pain in Patients With AxIal SpoNdyloarthritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT02763046 — Study to Examine the Clinical Efficacy and the Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID)-Sparing Effect of Secukinumab Over 16 Weeks in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT02696031 — Study of Efficacy and Safety of Secukinumab in Patients With Non-radiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03639740 — Treat-to-target With Secukinumab in Axial Spondyloarthritis (UNKNOWN) PHASE4 NCT01965132 — Korean College of Rheumatology Biologics and Targeted Therapy Registry (RECRUITING) NCT06833112 — Interleukin-17 (IL-17) Inhibitor in Combination With Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα )Inhibitor for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT01358175 — 16 Week Efficacy and 2 Year Long Term Safety and Efficacy of Secukinumab in Patients With Active Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07138898 — Immunosuppressant Management in Rheumatology Patients Undergoing Elective Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Efficacy and Safety of Interleukin-17 and Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis (International archives of allergy and immunology, 2025) Cochrane review Efficacy and safety of interleukin-17 inhibitors in the treatment of chronic rheumatic diseases: A combined and updated meta-analysis (Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2021) Cochrane review Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Secukinumab for Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs (Mediators of inflammation, 2020) Cochrane review Drug Survival of Biologics in Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Real-World Evidence (BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy, 2020) Cochrane review Risk of serious infections in biological treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a meta-analysis (Clinical rheumatology, 2018) Meta-analysis Risk of new-onset and recurrent uveitis with different biologics for ankylosing spondylitis: a network meta-analysis (Frontiers in immunology, 2025) Meta-analysis Targeted therapies and conventional care for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in China: a cost-effectiveness analysis based on the network-meta analysis (Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2024) Meta-analysis Work productivity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis initiating biological or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis (RMD open, 2023) Meta-analysis Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Janus Kinase Inhibitors and Secukinumab in Patients with Active Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Pharmacology, 2022) Systematic review Efficacy and safety of biological DMARDs: a systematic literature review informing the 2022 update of the ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis (Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2023) Clinical trial publication A secukinumab dose-escalation study in patients with ankylosing spondylitis not achieving inactive disease after 16 weeks of treatment (Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2025) Clinical trial publication Two-year imaging outcomes from a phase 3 randomized trial of secukinumab in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (Arthritis research & therapy, 2023) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
APREMILAST	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BIMEKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BRODALUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICLOFENAC	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETORICOXIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FILGOTINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GUMOKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IXEKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MELOXICAM	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SARILUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFASALAZINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
THALIDOMIDE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOCILIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TOFACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
USTEKINUMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	85	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL1697771	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL606	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVARMACITINIB SULFATE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NETAKIMAB	Biologic	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
UPADACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	80	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ABATACEPT	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ARRY-797	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
GAMCEMETINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IZOKIBEP	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MUFEMILAST	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAMILUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLSALAZINE	Small molecule	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISANKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RITUXIMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ROCONKIBART	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VUNAKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Moderate	60	—	Open Targets, ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AGLATIMAGENE BESADENOVEC	Gene therapy	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALDESLEUKIN	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
CHEMBL2103743	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CURCUMIN	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IVARMACITINIB	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
NAPROXEN ETEMESIL	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
RISEDRONIC ACID	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TILDRAKIZUMAB	Biologic	Phase II	Emerging	60	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
GIMSILUMAB	Biologic	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TERBINAFINE	Small molecule	Phase I	Emerging	35	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
ALENDRONIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BETAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEVACIZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
DEXIBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
HYDROCORTISONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
IBUPROFEN	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECLOFENAMIC ACID	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
PEGFILGRASTIM	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRASTUZUMAB	Biologic	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets
TRIAMCINOLONE	Small molecule	Preclinical	Emerging	15	—	Open Targets	ChEMBL Open Targets

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
ACETAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ADALIMUMAB Repurposing via ATG16L1	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
AMPHETAMINE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BALSALAZIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BALSALAZIDE DISODIUM Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
BEVACIZUMAB Repurposing via ANXA11	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
BICALUTAMIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARBACHOL Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CIPROFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CLOMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIAZEPAM Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DICHLORPHENAMIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIETHYLSTILBESTROL Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
EPIRUBICIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ESOMEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing via ATP4A	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ESOMEPRAZOLE STRONTIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ETHOXZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLUMAZENIL Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IMIPRAMINE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
INDOMETHACIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	3 trials 1 Cochrane 1 Meta-analysis 49 Trial pubs 20 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT02183168 — Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Meloxicam Suppository (15mg Daily) and Tablet (15 mg Daily) Compared to Indomethacin Suppository (50 mg Daily) in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT07582146 — Effectiveness and Safety of Acemetacin in Active Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Real-world Study (NOT_YET_RECRUITING) PHASE4 NCT03473665 — Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Axial Spondyloarthritis (TERMINATED) PHASE4 Published literature Cochrane review Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis) (The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2015) Clinical trial publication Medication toxicity among patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Arthritis and rheumatism, 2002) Clinical trial publication [Clinical and experimental study on treatment of ankylosing spondylitis] (Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 1999) Clinical trial publication Efficacy of methotrexate in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a three-year open study (Clinical rheumatology, 2000) Clinical trial publication The efficacy and tolerability of aceclofenac in the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter controlled clinical trial. Aceclofenac Indomethacin Study Group (The Journal of rheumatology, 1996) Clinical trial publication A comparative study of nabumetone and indomethacin in ankylosing spondylitis (European journal of rheumatology and inflammation, 1991) Randomized controlled trial A 12-week double-blind study of the efficacy, safety and tolerance of pirazolac b.i.d. compared with indomethacin t.i.d. in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Drugs under experimental and clinical research, 1990) Randomized controlled trial An overview of the efficacy of etodolac in arthritic disorders (European journal of rheumatology and inflammation, 1990) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IRINOTECAN HYDROCHLORIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LANSOPRAZOLE Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
MAFENIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MASOPROCOL Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MECAMYLAMINE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MECLOFENAMATE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MECLOFENAMATE SODIUM Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
MESALAMINE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHAZOLAMIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METHOTREXATE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
METHOXSALEN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
METOPROLOL Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MIANSERIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MILK THISTLE SEED EXTRACT Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
MONTELUKAST SODIUM Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
NALIDIXIC ACID Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NICOTINE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
NORFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
OLSALAZINE SODIUM Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
OMEPRAZOLE Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials 1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT00367211 — Study to Evaluate the Incidence of Gastric Ulcers Following Administration of Either PN 200 or Naproxen in Subjects Who Are at Risk for Developing NSAID-Associated Ulcers. (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03473665 — Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Axial Spondyloarthritis (TERMINATED) PHASE4 Published literature Clinical trial publication Population pharmacokinetics of infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Journal of clinical pharmacology, 2008) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
OMEPRAZOLE MAGNESIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00367211 — Study to Evaluate the Incidence of Gastric Ulcers Following Administration of Either PN 200 or Naproxen in Subjects Who Are at Risk for Developing NSAID-Associated Ulcers. (COMPLETED) PHASE3 NCT03473665 — Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Axial Spondyloarthritis (TERMINATED) PHASE4 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PANTOPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
PHENYTOIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
PRAZOSIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
RABEPRAZOLE Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	—
RABEPRAZOLE SODIUM Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
SELENIUM Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
SIROLIMUS Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULBACTAM Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
SULFASALAZINE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TAZOBACTAM Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TROGLITAZONE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
VONOPRAZAN FUMARATE Repurposing via ATP4B	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	DGIdb	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZILEUTON Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Approved	Strong	95	—	DGIdb	—
DARAPLADIB Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENRETINIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase III	Moderate	70	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AJ-292 Repurposing via ADGRL2	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
LINAPRAZAN Repurposing via ATP4A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
TEGOPRAZAN Repurposing via ATP4A	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	50	—	DGIdb	—
ALPRENOLOL Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
AMIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
BROLAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
CARZENIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
DIMECAMINE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ELLAGIC ACID Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ENISOPROST Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FENCAMFAMIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
FLEROXACIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
IDOXIFENE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
LYSERGIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
MERAFLOXACIN Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
TENAMFETAMINE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets
ZIDAPAMIDE Repurposing via ALOX5	Small molecule	Phase II	Emerging	45	—	ChEMBL	ChEMBL Open Targets

Natural Products

22 natural products with the same evidence schema as repurposed drugs — registry trials, PubMed literature, and reference links (pipeline-ranked)

Reference lookups: GreenMedInfo · Examine.com

Drug	Type	Phase	Evidence	Score	Trials & literature	Sources	Links
Vitamin D3 Natural product Human Study Altered levels of Vitamin D affect the balance between LL-37, IL-8 and…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	20	8 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Clinical trial publication Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with ankylosing spon…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	20	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Scandinavian journal of rheumatology, 2006) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
Calcium Natural product Randomized controlled trial Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis and ankyl… Randomized controlled trial [Bumadizone-calcium-semihydrate (Eumotol) and oxyphenbutazone in the tr…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Moderate	20	1 trials 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01389388 — Effects of Rosuvastatin on Carotid Artery Plaques in Patients With Inflammatory Joint Disease (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Randomized controlled trial Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (JAMA, 1981) Randomized controlled trial [Bumadizone-calcium-semihydrate (Eumotol) and oxyphenbutazone in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A clinical double-blind study] (Die Medizinische Welt, 1975) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Curcumin Natural product Cochrane review Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of 10 Types of Auto… Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatm… Human Study The effects of nanocurcumin on immune-related factors in the ankylosing…	Food compound	Phase II	Moderate	17	1 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT03140657 — The Effects of Nanocurcumin on Treg Cells and Th17 Cells Responses in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of 10 Types of Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 31 Randomized Controlled Trials (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com, GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo Examine.com
Calcium Natural product Randomized controlled trial Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis and ankyl… Randomized controlled trial [Bumadizone-calcium-semihydrate (Eumotol) and oxyphenbutazone in the tr…	Nutraceutical	Phase I	Emerging	13	1 trials 2 RCT View evidence Registry trials NCT01389388 — Effects of Rosuvastatin on Carotid Artery Plaques in Patients With Inflammatory Joint Disease (COMPLETED) NA Published literature Randomized controlled trial Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (JAMA, 1981) Randomized controlled trial [Bumadizone-calcium-semihydrate (Eumotol) and oxyphenbutazone in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A clinical double-blind study] (Die Medizinische Welt, 1975) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Omega-3 Fatty Acids Natural product Clinical trial publication Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with ankylosing spon…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	1 Trial pubs 1 RCT View evidence Published literature Clinical trial publication Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (Scandinavian journal of rheumatology, 2006) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Vitamin D3 Natural product Human Study Altered levels of Vitamin D affect the balance between LL-37, IL-8 and…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	10	8 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Curcumin Natural product Cochrane review Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of 10 Types of Auto… Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatm… Human Study The effects of nanocurcumin on immune-related factors in the ankylosing…	Food compound	Phase II	Emerging	10	1 trials 1 Cochrane 2 Meta-analysis View evidence Registry trials NCT03140657 — The Effects of Nanocurcumin on Treg Cells and Th17 Cells Responses in Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients (COMPLETED) PHASE2 Published literature Cochrane review Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of 10 Types of Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 31 Randomized Controlled Trials (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) Meta-analysis Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial (Frontiers in immunology, 2022) CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	Examine.com	PubChem Examine.com
Folate Natural product Human Study Serum homocysteine levels are high in patients with ankylosing spondyli…	Nutraceutical	Phase III	Emerging	10	1 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT01040195 — Combination Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) Versus Sulfasalazine in Inflammatory Back Pain (COMPLETED) PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	PubChem GreenMedInfo
Omeprazole Natural product Population pharmacokinetics of infliximab in patients with ankylosing s…	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Zileuton Natural product	Food compound	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	ChEMBL	ChEMBL PubChem ChEMBL
Sinomenine Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Efficacy and safety of sinomenine preparation for ankylosing spondyliti… Animal Study Protective effects of sinomenine against ankylosing spondylitis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Peony Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Synergistic and hepatoprotective effect of total glucosides of paeony o… Human Study Peony contains glucosides which are beneficial in the treatment of anky…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Tripterygium Wilfordii Natural product Meta Analysis, Review Protective effect and possible Mechanisms of Tripterygium glycosides in…	Nutraceutical	Approved	Emerging	0	2 trials View evidence Registry trials NCT00953979 — Efficacy and Safety of Kunxian Capsule in Treatment Patients With Early Ankylosing Spondylitis (COMPLETED) PHASE4 NCT00889694 — Clinical Study of Tripterygium Capsule to Treat Early Ankylosing Spondylitis (UNKNOWN) PHASE2, PHASE3 CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Chinense Herbal Formula: Qiangji Granule Natural product Human Study The Chinese herbal formula Qiangji Granule is effective and safe in tre… Human Study The traditional chinese formula Panlongqi is effective in the treatment…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Chinense Herbal Formula: Panlongqi Natural product Human Study The traditional chinese formula Panlongqi is effective in the treatment… Human Study The Chinese herbal formula Qiangji Granule is effective and safe in tre…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Emodin Natural product Human In Vitro Emodin induces apoptosis and autophagy of fibroblasts obtained from pat…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Chrysanthemum Indicum Natural product Animal Study Chrysanthemum indicum demonstrates a beneficial role in preventing infl…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	1 pubs View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Salvia Miltiorrhiza Natural product In Vitro Study Salvia miltiorrhiza for ankylosing spondylitis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Tanshinone Iia Natural product In Vitro Study Salvia miltiorrhiza for ankylosing spondylitis.	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	No indexed hits View evidence CT.gov search · Cochrane · PubMed	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Punicalagin Natural product In Vitro Study The observations suggest that punicalagin exerts a protective role in A…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo
Mineral Water Natural product Review Various spa therapies have therapeutic value for chronic low back pain,…	Nutraceutical	Preclinical	Emerging	0	—	GreenMedInfo	GreenMedInfo

Alterations and therapeutics are aggregated from public databases (Open Targets, HPO, ChEMBL, DGIdb, and others). Natural agents are candidates from OSMF narrative reviews on opensourcemed.info/chronic-disease.html — not approved treatments. This page is for research orientation only — not medical advice.

Ankylosing Spondylitis / Axial Spondyloarthropathy

Disease overview

Remission & chronicity

Alterations

Therapeutics

Natural Products

Part of the Open Source Medicine Foundation Network