Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Essentially zero for established T1DM (honeymoon phase occurs in 50-60% after diagnosis but lasts 3-12 months then ends); the disease is permanent autoimmune destruction of beta cells

Best-intervention remission

Closed-loop insulin delivery (artificial pancreas systems — Control-IQ, Omnipod 5) achieves 70-80% time-in-range vs 60% with standard therapy; teplizumab (anti-CD3 mAb) delays T1DM onset by 2+ years in at-risk individuals; islet cell transplantation achieves insulin independence in ~44% at 5 years (CITR data)

Gap size

Moderate-large — closed-loop approaches are increasingly standard but true insulin independence is rare with any available therapy

Primary barrier

biological + access

Beta cell regeneration and transplantation face immune rejection barriers (all islet recipients require chronic immunosuppression); closed-loop systems dramatically improve quality of life and glycemic control but require intensive engagement and are expensive; teplizumab (FDA approved 2022) for delay is not a cure

Biomarker Targets & Therapeutic Agents

Gene targets queried against DGIdb, Open Targets, ChEMBL, PubMed, and Europe PMC. Agents ranked: ● Clinical > ● Mechanistic > ● Correlative.

CD3E 36 CTLA4 32 GAD2 2 HLA-DQA1 10 HLA-DQB1 15 IL2RA 51 INS 6 PTPRN 0 SLC2A2 115

CD3E

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Source
FORALUMAB	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FBT-A05	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MUROMONAB-CD3	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TEPLIZUMAB	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
OTELIXIZUMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
IPRAGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
DAPAGLIFLOZIN PROPANEDIOL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
RESIMMUNE	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MOSUNETUZUMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
BEXAGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
IMC-GP100	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
VISILIZUMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SERGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
EPCORITAMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ERTUMAXOMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
GLOFITAMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
REMOGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SOTAGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ODRONEXTAMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ELRANATAMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
EMPAGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
HOKT3	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CATUMAXOMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SOLITOMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ERTUGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
LICOGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MEDI-565	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TALQUETAMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ANTI-CD3 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TECLISTAMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ENAVOGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
BLINATUMOMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CANAGLIFLOZIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TOFOGLIFLOZIN ANHYDROUS	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FLOTETUZUMAB	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TARLATAMAB	? unclear	Mechanistic	Open Targets

CTLA4

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
TREMELIMUMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
IPILIMUMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CYCLOSPORINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ATEZOLIZUMAB	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VISILIZUMAB	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BLEOMYCIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ANTIBIOTIC	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
METHIMAZOLE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
RETRO-INVERSO PEPTIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
MELPHALAN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
RECOMBINANT FAS LIGAND	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ZALIFRELIMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
RIBAVIRIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ANTI-THYMOCYTE GLOBULIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
QUAVONLIMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
COMPOUND 32 [PMID: 20471253]	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SIROLIMUS	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BISPECIFIC ANTIBODY	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CADONILIMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
APLITHIANINE A	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
INOSINE 5'-MONOPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE INHIBITOR FF-10501-01	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ABATACEPT	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
WORTMANNIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ERFONRILIMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
THALIDOMIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
FF-10501-01	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2B	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TETRADECANOYLPHORBOL ACETATE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DEHYDRATED ALCOHOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PREDNISONE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL5291170	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	31000.0 nM (Kd)	ChEMBL

GAD2

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
S-ALLYLGLYCINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
METHAMPHETAMINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb

HLA-DQA1

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Source
RECOMBINANT LYMPHOKINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INTERFERON BETA-1B	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FLOXACILLIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INTERFERON BETA-1A	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PEGASPARGASE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MEASLES VACCINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
LUMIRACOXIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MERCAPTOPURINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
AZATHIOPRINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
LAPATINIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb

HLA-DQB1

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Source
FLOXACILLIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ASPIRIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FLUPIRTINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
LUMIRACOXIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PEGASPARGASE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
TICLOPIDINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
BUCILLAMINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ABACAVIR	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
LAMOTRIGINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
NEVIRAPINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CLAVULANIC ACID	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ACETAMINOPHEN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
AMOXICILLIN ANHYDROUS	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INFLIXIMAB	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CARBAMAZEPINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb

IL2RA

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Source
CAFFEINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
DENILEUKIN DIFTITOX	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MEGESTROL ACETATE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
LENTINAN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PROPYLTHIOURACIL	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
STAUROSPORINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ANTISERUM	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
BASILIXIMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ALDESLEUKIN	↑ activates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ISOTRETINOIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM TRIHYDRATE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
HEPATITIS B VACCINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CAMIDANLUMAB TESIRINE	~ modulates	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CETIRIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PROGESTERONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FLUOROURACIL	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
VERAPAMIL	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
DINITROCHLOROBENZENE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
THERAPEUTIC HORMONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
CHINESE HERBS	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
ANTITUBERCULAR AGENT	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
DRUGSATFDA.NDA:008378	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
DHA-PACLITAXEL	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
METHIMAZOLE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY R24	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
SHO-SAIKO-TO	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
THEOPHYLLINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
BRYOSTATIN 1	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN-2	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
METHYLPREDNISOLONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
BECLOMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INTERFERON BETA-1B	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INTERLEUKIN-2 GENE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
DEXTRAN SULFATE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
FLUTAMIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
PACLITAXEL	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
DECITABINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
MERCAPTOPURINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INOLIMOMAB	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	DGIdb

Showing top 40 of 51 agents ranked by evidence tier.

INS

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Source
INSULIN ZINC SUSP RECOMBINANT HUMAN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN SUSP ISOPHANE RECOMBINANT HUMAN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN SUSP PROTAMINE ZINC BEEF/PORK	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INULIN	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN PEGLISPRO	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb
INSULIN DEGLUDEC	? unclear	Mechanistic	DGIdb

PTPRN

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Pipeline results not yet available for this target. Run the pipeline to populate.

SLC2A2

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
[3H]2-DEOXYGLUCOSE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
METFORMIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GLUFOSFAMIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL3780459	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1120.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781149	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	60.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781094	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	5990.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781994	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1210.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781827	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1480.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780717	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	220.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780534	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	8700.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781183	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1700.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781331	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	100.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781654	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1200.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780764	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1360.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780372	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	510.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781835	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	950.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781308	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1400.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781633	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	2500.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781913	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	21.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780756	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	600.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781757	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	5000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781384	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	3300.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780785	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	3500.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781548	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1100.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780235	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1200.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781347	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780772	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	900.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780043	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	10000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781625	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	2600.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL1551510	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	10000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780470	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	880.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780729	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	2100.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780349	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	8000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781797	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	6000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780845	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	4400.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3781535	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	7000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3780527	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	2000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
QUERCETIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	12000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
MYRICETIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	12000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4277734	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	10000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL

Showing top 40 of 115 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Clinical Trials

Recruiting and recently completed trials from ClinicalTrials.gov. Data retrieved 2026-07-06.

No recent clinical trials found on ClinicalTrials.gov for this condition.

Agents Found By Disease-Level Search

Searched directly from “Type 1 Diabetes” via ClinicalTrials.gov interventions and Open Targets' disease→drug data — independent of the 9-gene target panel above. This surfaces agents whose mechanism doesn't route through a curated gene (combination therapies, standard-of-care drugs, targets outside the panel).

60 agents shown (approved or with trial evidence) — 59 not found by the gene-target search above.

Insulin LisproNOT in gene-target list

Phase 3 · 3 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT07282054 NCT03465878 NCT03433677

LY900014NOT in gene-target list

· 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03433677 NCT03465878

Alpha 1-Antitrypsin (AAT, Aralast NP)NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01319331

BHT-3021NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00453375

BHT-PlaceboNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00453375

Usual algorithmNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02521675

Diabrasport algorithmNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02521675

RestNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02521675

Holter Glycemic Ipro2, MedtronicNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02521675

Ertugliflozin 2 mg single doseNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01054300

Ertugliflozin 2 mg split into twice dailyNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01054300

Ertugliflozin 4 mg single doseNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01054300

Ertugliflozin 4 mg split into twice dailyNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01054300

LiraglutideNOT in gene-target list

Phase 3 · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT02516657