Remission & chronicity

Spontaneous remission

Spontaneous reversion to sinus rhythm occurs in ~50% of paroxysmal AF within 24-48 hours; persistent AF almost never self-terminates; rate-control (the dominant strategy) by definition keeps the patient in AF

Best-intervention remission

Catheter ablation achieves freedom from AF in ~70-80% at 1 year (paroxysmal), 50-60% (persistent); ablation superior to antiarrhythmic drugs (52% vs 71% AF recurrence, CABANA trial); EAST-AFNET 4 showed early rhythm control reduced major adverse CV events vs rate control

Gap size

Large — rate control vs rhythm control debate has shifted but practice hasn't caught up

Primary barrier

practice

Guidelines now support earlier rhythm control and ablation, but rate control with lifelong anticoagulation remains the dominant practice pattern; AF management is described as 'moving ahead of established guidelines' per ESC 2023

Biomarker Targets & Therapeutic Agents

Gene targets queried against DGIdb, Open Targets, ChEMBL, PubMed, and Europe PMC. Agents ranked: ● Clinical > ● Mechanistic > ● Correlative.

ADRB1 288 AGTR1 249 GJA1 23 KCNA5 208 KCNH2 508 KCNQ1 72 RYR2 68 SCN5A 288 TGFB1 62

ADRB1

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
BRETYLIUM	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PINDOLOL	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BISOPROLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
FLECAINIDE ACETATE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
METIPRANOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
METOPROLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ATENOLOL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BUCINDOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
METIPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ALPRENOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic	4.88 nM (IC50)	DGIdb
PRACTOLOL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
XAMOTEROL	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PENBUTOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DOBUTAMINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BETHANIDINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BETAXOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic	37.1 nM (IC50)	DGIdb
MURAGLITAZAR	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ACEBUTOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LABETALOL HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ACEBUTOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
NOREPINEPHRINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
OT-730	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CARVEDILOL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
NADOLOL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LEVOBUNOLOL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LABETALOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TERTATOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ARBUTAMINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ZIPRASIDONE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BUPRANOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LANDIOLOL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
OXPRENOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
MEPINDOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CELIPROLOL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BISOPROLOL FUMARATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DESIPRAMINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DOPAMINE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ISOPROTERENOL	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb

Showing top 40 of 288 agents ranked by evidence tier.

AGTR1

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL586135	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VALSARTAN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	4700.0 nM (Ki)	DGIdb
EPROSARTAN MESYLATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
FIMASARTAN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ASCORBIC ACID	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
AZILSARTAN MEDOXOMIL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
THERAPEUTIC ANDROSTANOLONE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL347610	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL421088	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LOSARTAN POTASSIUM	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	5.5 nM (IC50)	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1492017	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SPARSENTAN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SODIUM CHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL261693	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1972216	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
EPROSARTAN	? unclear	Mechanistic	7.3 nM (IC50)	DGIdb
C-FOS ANTISENSE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SARALASIN ACETATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
IRBESARTAN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1.1 nM (Ki)	DGIdb
DISULFIRAM	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SAPRISARTAN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
H2O2	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL591834	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CAPTOPRIL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ANGIOTENSIN II	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL400912	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM TRIHYDRATE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
IDOXIFENE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL528694	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
IL-6	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ANGIOTENSIN II ACETATE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LEVODOPA	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GAMMA-INTERFERON	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
AZILSARTAN KAMEDOXOMIL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1445650	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
MUSCLE RELAXANT	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CL-329167	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb

Showing top 40 of 249 agents ranked by evidence tier.

GJA1

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
SELENIUM	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CARVEDILOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PROPYLTHIOURACIL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BLEOMYCIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VITAMIN A	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ATENOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PROTEASOME INHIBITOR	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LABETALOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PROTEASE INHIBITOR	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ASCORBIC ACID	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL4793190	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	4100.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4794431	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	3100.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4777167	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	17100.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4777222	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	26600.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4784426	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	6200.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4778380	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	5500.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4790312	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	6200.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4776897	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	8900.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4780949	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	17700.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4785499	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	8900.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL4799209	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	8600.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
KANAMYCIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	48000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL

KCNA5

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
DALFAMPRIDINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
T-226296	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TEDISAMIL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
AMIFAMPRIDINE PHOSPHATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DRONEDARONE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GUANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LORATADINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BMS-394136	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VERNAKALANT HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
THERAPEUTIC HORMONE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BMS-919373	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
AMIFAMPRIDINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
NERISPIRDINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TERFENADINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VERNAKALANT	? unclear	Mechanistic		Open Targets
CHEMBL314328	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	6700.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
SERTINDOLE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	2000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL97793	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	10000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL97646	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	3200.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL316891	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	6900.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL327334	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	3800.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL288131	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	100.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL433220	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	9000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL328905	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	5000.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL318879	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	500.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL95368	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	700.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL94826	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	3500.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL418972	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	6500.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL97682	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	5600.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL97828	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	3100.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL319775	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1600.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL316494	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	2200.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL98077	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	8500.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL327816	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	600.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL319310	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	500.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL273418	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	600.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL420266	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	6200.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL289939	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	200.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL94764	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	4100.0 nM (IC50)	ChEMBL

Showing top 40 of 208 agents ranked by evidence tier.

KCNH2

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
CLARITHROMYCIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PYRILAMINE MALEATE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL525106	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL584829	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TAMOXIFEN CITRATE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL529640	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SPIPERONE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
NERISPIRDINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1437888	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL602312	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL49055	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
NISOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL591887	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SOTALOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ATENOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL601492	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL1256726	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
N-AMINOHEXYL-5-CHLORO-1-NAPTHALENESULFONAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
KEPONE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PHENOXYBENZAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL592344	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL582486	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL589946	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PERPHENAZINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL601528	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL545880	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GR 89696	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PD-169316	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
IOFETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL601325	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BISOPROLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ROPINIROLE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DROPERIDOL	? unclear	Mechanistic	32.2 nM (IC50)	DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL534084	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
OLEIC ACID	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
L-741,626	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL602580	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL580516	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VINPOCETINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL:CHEMBL547488	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb

Showing top 40 of 508 agents ranked by evidence tier.

KCNQ1

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
EXENATIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
NIFLUMIC ACID	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
EZOGABINE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DOLASETRON	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GUANIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
IKS124	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
INDOMETHACIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
NERISPIRDINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PYRITHIONE ZINC	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SITAGLIPTIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
FLUOROURACIL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
INDAPAMIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
MEFENAMIC ACID	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TEDISAMIL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
INSULIN, REGULAR, HUMAN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
XE991	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ANHYDROUS TACROLIMUS	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BEPRIDIL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
HMR-1556	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
AMIFAMPRIDINE PHOSPHATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
(3R,4S)-293B	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
L735821	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DALFAMPRIDINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
JNJ303	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CELECOXIB	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
AMIFAMPRIDINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
EPIRUBICIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
3S,4R-293B	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
REPAGLINIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VILDAGLIPTIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
R-L3	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ML277	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ICA-105665	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
OXALIPLATIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VOLINANSERIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	1060.0 nM (Ki)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL1689654	↑ activates	Mechanistic	49290.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL1352968	↑ activates	Mechanistic	1690.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL2070830	↑ activates	Mechanistic	1470.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL2070832	↑ activates	Mechanistic	1380.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL2070952	↑ activates	Mechanistic	890.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL

Showing top 40 of 72 agents ranked by evidence tier.

RYR2

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
RUTHENIUM RED	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
MG2+	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CAFFEINE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VK-II-86	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
RYANODINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SURAMIN	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CA2+	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE	↑ activates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CERIVASTATIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PROCAINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CARVEDILOL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHEMBL3941132	↑ activates	Mechanistic	150.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3932239	↑ activates	Mechanistic	211.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3902651	↑ activates	Mechanistic	102.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3899882	↑ activates	Mechanistic	208.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3961593	↑ activates	Mechanistic	252.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3952083	↑ activates	Mechanistic	55.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3909362	↑ activates	Mechanistic	205.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3906571	↑ activates	Mechanistic	181.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3933756	↑ activates	Mechanistic	197.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3936508	↑ activates	Mechanistic	174.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3895741	↑ activates	Mechanistic	182.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3898439	↑ activates	Mechanistic	265.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3949995	↑ activates	Mechanistic	355.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3902432	↑ activates	Mechanistic	268.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3982028	↑ activates	Mechanistic	40.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3933375	↑ activates	Mechanistic	40.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3928727	↑ activates	Mechanistic	50.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
ALADORIAN	↑ activates	Mechanistic	15.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3984280	↑ activates	Mechanistic	44.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3932540	↑ activates	Mechanistic	100.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3957737	↑ activates	Mechanistic	80.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3984065	↑ activates	Mechanistic	121.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3893618	↑ activates	Mechanistic	80.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3918890	↑ activates	Mechanistic	150.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3958409	↑ activates	Mechanistic	20.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3953088	↑ activates	Mechanistic	81.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3965149	↑ activates	Mechanistic	40.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3961914	↑ activates	Mechanistic	175.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL
CHEMBL3925184	↑ activates	Mechanistic	143.0 nM (EC50)	ChEMBL

Showing top 40 of 68 agents ranked by evidence tier.

SCN5A

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
COCAINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PROCAINAMIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CHLOROPROCAINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DICHLOROBENZYL ALCOHOL	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PHENACEMIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
INDECAINIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ETHOTOIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PROPOXYCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
RANOLAZINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
MORICIZINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
FOSPHENYTOIN	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
QUINIDINE	? unclear	Mechanistic	6900.0 nM (IC50)	DGIdb
LIDOCAINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
FLECAINIDE ACETATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PROCAINAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
QUINIDINE SULFATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
HEXYLCAINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LACOSAMIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
NKTR-171	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ZONISAMIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DISOPYRAMIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PHENYTOIN SODIUM	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PRENYLAMINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TOCAINIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
AMIODARONE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
QUINIDINE GLUCONATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PRIMIDONE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BENZONATATE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ESLICARBAZEPINE ACETATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PROPAFENONE	? unclear	Mechanistic	3300.0 nM (IC50)	DGIdb
CENOBAMATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
HEXYLCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
AZD7009	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PRILOCAINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TOPIRAMATE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LAMOTRIGINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic	62000.0 nM (IC50)	DGIdb
LOMERIZINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
CARBAMAZEPINE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb

Showing top 40 of 288 agents ranked by evidence tier.

TGFB1

UniProt Ensembl DGIdb Open Targets

Therapeutic Agent	Effect Direction	Evidence Tier	Potency	Source
INTERFERON ALFA-2B	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PIOGLITAZONE HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SILYMARIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
RITUXIMAB	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VERAPAMIL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PROTEASOME INHIBITOR	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
FRESOLIMUMAB	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ATENOLOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BINTRAFUSP ALFA	~ modulates	Mechanistic		DGIdb
NISEVOKITUG	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
LUSPATERCEPT	↓ inhibits	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TRETINOIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
HYDROCORTISONE BUTYRATE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VITAMIN E	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
IRINOTECAN HYDROCHLORIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
INOSITOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
NICOTINE POLACRILEX	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
FENRETINIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
MELATONIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ISOTRETINOIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
VACTOSERTIB	? unclear	Mechanistic	12.9 nM (IC50)	DGIdb
TRIAMCINOLONE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TAMOXIFEN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ADRIAMYCIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
HEPARAN SULFATE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GOSSYPOL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
TCDD	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
AMIFOSTINE ANHYDROUS	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
RAMIPRIL	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ANTIOXIDANT	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SOTATERCEPT	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
ASPIRIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
GALUNISERTIB	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
KEYHOLE LIMPET HEMOCYANIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
PIRFENIDONE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
H2O2	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
THERAPEUTIC ANDROGEN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
SANDOSTATIN	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
BROXURIDINE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb
DISITERTIDE	? unclear	Mechanistic		DGIdb

Showing top 40 of 62 agents ranked by evidence tier.

Clinical Trials

Recruiting and recently completed trials from ClinicalTrials.gov. Data retrieved 2026-07-06.

No recent clinical trials found on ClinicalTrials.gov for this condition.

Agents Found By Disease-Level Search

Searched directly from “Atrial Fibrillation” via ClinicalTrials.gov interventions and Open Targets' disease→drug data — independent of the 9-gene target panel above. This surfaces agents whose mechanism doesn't route through a curated gene (combination therapies, standard-of-care drugs, targets outside the panel).

60 agents shown (approved or with trial evidence) — 57 not found by the gene-target search above.

Catheter AblationNOT in gene-target list

· 3 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03388333 NCT01173796 NCT01173796

DabigatranNOT in gene-target list

Phase 3 · 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT03996772 NCT01994265

RivaroxabanNOT in gene-target list

Approved · 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT03996772 NCT02273700

Oral anticoagulantNOT in gene-target list

· 2 trials · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04099238 NCT04233515

Parasym deviceNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02548754

Test Algorithm and Test DeviceNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT07188129

BWLT+CRNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05600829

CR-OnlyNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05600829

bucindolol hydrochloride

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01970501

metoprolol succinate

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01970501

Apixaban Oral TabletNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03996772

Edoxaban TabletsNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03996772

12-Lead ECGNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03492554

Magnetic resonance imagingNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04281329

ECG-I Mapping of Atrial FibrillationNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04633265

EdoxabanNOT in gene-target list

Approved · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT05732506

Adaptive Servo-VentilationNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00263757

continue warfarin through the procedureNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00721136

Hold warfarinNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00721136

Warfarin held with heparin transition.NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00721136

PVI aloneNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05989321

PVI + SPs ablationNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05989321

IvabradineNOT in gene-target list

Phase 3 · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT03987204

EthanolNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01898221

AblationNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01898221

FARAPULSE™ Pulsed Field Ablation System PlusNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05272852

Hybrid procedureNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03428048

Endocardial ablationsNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03428048

left atrial appendage occlusionNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03428048

Aggressive Risk Factor ControlNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03186976

Pacemaker ImplantationNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01912326

High power CLOSE-guided PVI ablationNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04122963

Standard CLOSE-guided PVI ablationNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04122963

Ambulatory ECGNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03769207

DiagnosticNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00279981

Standard escalating shocksNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02923414

High energy shock protocolNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02923414

Circumferential Pulmonary Vein AblationNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00340314

Antiarrhythmic Drug TherapyNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00340314

Study WatchNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04074434

optimizer smartNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05550792

Catheter ablation (pulmonary vein isolation)NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00192972

Adenosine testNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02238392

Termination of AFNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02238392

WarfarinNOT in gene-target list

Approved · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT01994265

NAVISTAR® THERMOCOOL® CatheterNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00116428

Antiarrhythmic drugNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT00116428

ICE Image guidanceNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT04950192

14 Day ECG Patch (Zio XT Patch, iRhythm Technologies)NOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03221777

catheter based pulmonary vein isolationNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT01724437

Bisoprolol

Phase 3 · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT02391337

DigoxinNOT in gene-target list

Approved · 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov, Open Targets
NCT02391337

Heart rhythm monitoring with portable deviceNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03753139

vein of Marshall ethanol infusionNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT07095959

PVI using pulsed field ablationNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT07095959

Combination 1 of radiofrequency (RF) power and Lesion Size Index (LSI) on left atrial (LA) posterior wallNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02619396

Combination 2 of radiofrequency (RF) power and Lesion Size Index (LSI) on left atrial (LA) posterior wallNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02619396

Combination 3 of radiofrequency (RF) power and Lesion Size Index (LSI) on left atrial (LA) posterior wallNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02619396

Combination 4 of radiofrequency (RF) power and Lesion Size Index (LSI) on left atrial (LA) posterior wallNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02619396

wearable wristband modelNOT in gene-target list

· 1 trial · source: ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT05795842

Atrial Fibrillation

Remission & chronicity

ADRB1

AGTR1

GJA1

KCNA5

KCNH2

KCNQ1

RYR2

SCN5A

TGFB1

Catheter AblationNOT in gene-target list

DabigatranNOT in gene-target list

RivaroxabanNOT in gene-target list

Oral anticoagulantNOT in gene-target list

Parasym deviceNOT in gene-target list

Test Algorithm and Test DeviceNOT in gene-target list

BWLT+CRNOT in gene-target list

CR-OnlyNOT in gene-target list

bucindolol hydrochloride

metoprolol succinate

Apixaban Oral TabletNOT in gene-target list

Edoxaban TabletsNOT in gene-target list

12-Lead ECGNOT in gene-target list

Magnetic resonance imagingNOT in gene-target list

ECG-I Mapping of Atrial FibrillationNOT in gene-target list

EdoxabanNOT in gene-target list

Adaptive Servo-VentilationNOT in gene-target list

continue warfarin through the procedureNOT in gene-target list

Hold warfarinNOT in gene-target list

Warfarin held with heparin transition.NOT in gene-target list

PVI aloneNOT in gene-target list

PVI + SPs ablationNOT in gene-target list

IvabradineNOT in gene-target list

EthanolNOT in gene-target list

AblationNOT in gene-target list

FARAPULSE™ Pulsed Field Ablation System PlusNOT in gene-target list

Hybrid procedureNOT in gene-target list

Endocardial ablationsNOT in gene-target list

left atrial appendage occlusionNOT in gene-target list

Aggressive Risk Factor ControlNOT in gene-target list

Pacemaker ImplantationNOT in gene-target list

High power CLOSE-guided PVI ablationNOT in gene-target list

Standard CLOSE-guided PVI ablationNOT in gene-target list

Ambulatory ECGNOT in gene-target list

DiagnosticNOT in gene-target list

Standard escalating shocksNOT in gene-target list

High energy shock protocolNOT in gene-target list

Circumferential Pulmonary Vein AblationNOT in gene-target list

Antiarrhythmic Drug TherapyNOT in gene-target list

Study WatchNOT in gene-target list

optimizer smartNOT in gene-target list

Catheter ablation (pulmonary vein isolation)NOT in gene-target list

Adenosine testNOT in gene-target list

Termination of AFNOT in gene-target list

WarfarinNOT in gene-target list

NAVISTAR® THERMOCOOL® CatheterNOT in gene-target list

Antiarrhythmic drugNOT in gene-target list

ICE Image guidanceNOT in gene-target list

14 Day ECG Patch (Zio XT Patch, iRhythm Technologies)NOT in gene-target list

catheter based pulmonary vein isolationNOT in gene-target list

Bisoprolol

DigoxinNOT in gene-target list

Heart rhythm monitoring with portable deviceNOT in gene-target list

vein of Marshall ethanol infusionNOT in gene-target list

PVI using pulsed field ablationNOT in gene-target list

Combination 1 of radiofrequency (RF) power and Lesion Size Index (LSI) on left atrial (LA) posterior wallNOT in gene-target list

Combination 2 of radiofrequency (RF) power and Lesion Size Index (LSI) on left atrial (LA) posterior wallNOT in gene-target list

Combination 3 of radiofrequency (RF) power and Lesion Size Index (LSI) on left atrial (LA) posterior wallNOT in gene-target list

Combination 4 of radiofrequency (RF) power and Lesion Size Index (LSI) on left atrial (LA) posterior wallNOT in gene-target list

wearable wristband modelNOT in gene-target list

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